Nokea
Salbutamol is used to treat:
- A. Angina pectoris
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Hypertension
- D. Cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salbutamol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist that relaxes smooth muscles in the airways, making it an effective treatment for bronchial asthma by relieving bronchospasm and improving airflow. It is not used for angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias as these conditions do not involve bronchial constriction.
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A nurse is teaching a client about signs and symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis. Which of the following signs and symptoms below are indicative of thyrotoxic crisis?
- A. Chest pain
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Altered level of consciousness
- D. Hypothermia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Altered level of consciousness is a critical symptom of thyrotoxic crisis, which is a life-threatening condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels.
Which of the following steroids is an androgen?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Testosterone
- C. Estrogen
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Testosterone is an androgen hormone primarily produced in the testes.
2. Androgens are responsible for male characteristics and reproductive functions.
3. Progesterone is a female sex hormone, not an androgen.
4. Estrogen is also a female sex hormone, not an androgen.
5. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not an androgen.
Summary:
Testosterone is the correct answer as it is a male sex hormone with androgenic properties. Progesterone, estrogen, and aldosterone are not androgens and do not exhibit the same functions as testosterone.
The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _______ which targets the _______.
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon; liver. Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon, which targets the liver. Glucagon helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, not the pancreas, and does not target the liver. Glucagon does not target the kidney, and calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and is involved in regulating calcium levels, not blood glucose levels.
A patient presents with polyuria and thirst. There appears to be no elevation of glucose in the body, however, the serum osmolality appears to be low. Upon performing the water deprivation test, the osmolatity is still low. Which of the following is true?
- A. The problem is in the pituitary
- B. The problem is in the kidneys
- C. The patient has diabetes mellitus
- D. The patient has high ADH in the serum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The problem is in the kidneys. In this scenario, the low serum osmolality despite water deprivation indicates the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to excessive loss of water. This condition is known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Choice A is incorrect as pituitary dysfunction would result in high serum osmolality due to lack of ADH. Choice C is incorrect as diabetes mellitus would show high glucose levels. Choice D is incorrect as high ADH in the serum would lead to concentrated urine and high serum osmolality.
A common second messenger used in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones is
- A. tRNA.
- B. ATP.
- C. cAMP.
- D. PTH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cAMP. Water-soluble hormones, such as adrenaline or glucagon, bind to cell surface receptors and activate a signaling cascade that often involves cAMP as a second messenger. Upon hormone binding, the receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A, leading to phosphorylation of target proteins, ultimately affecting cellular responses.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones.
B: ATP is used as an energy source in various cellular processes, but it is not a second messenger in hormone signaling pathways.
D: PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone involved in calcium regulation and does not act through cAMP signaling in the same manner as water-soluble hormones.