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Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex?
- A. Insulin
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aldosterone. The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Insulin (A) is produced by the pancreas, epinephrine (B) is produced by the adrenal medulla, and glucagon (D) is produced by the pancreas. Aldosterone is the only hormone produced by the adrenal cortex among the options provided, making it the correct answer.
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The secretion of which of the following would be least affected by a decrease in extracellular fluid volume?
- A. CRH
- B. Arginine vasopressin
- C. Dehydroepiandrosterone
- D. Estrogens
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Estrogens. When extracellular fluid volume decreases, the body activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to retain water and sodium. Estrogen is not directly involved in regulating fluid balance, so its secretion would be least affected. CRH (choice A) stimulates the release of cortisol, which affects fluid balance. Arginine vasopressin (choice B) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. Dehydroepiandrosterone (choice C) is a precursor to sex hormones, including estrogen.
What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?
- A. Low plasma levels of calcium
- B. High plasma levels of potassium
- C. High plasma levels of glucose
- D. Low blood volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: High plasma levels of glucose. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, pancreatic beta cells sense this increase and release insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy production or storage. This is known as the glucose-stimulated insulin release mechanism. Low plasma levels of calcium (choice A), high plasma levels of potassium (choice B), and low blood volume (choice D) do not directly stimulate insulin release and are unrelated to the regulation of insulin secretion.
A patient who is on corticosteroid therapy for treatment of an autoimmune disorder has the following additional drugs ordered. Which one is used to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis?
- A. Potassium
- B. Alendronate (Fosamax)
- C. Furosemide (Lasix)
- D. Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alendronate is used to prevent osteoporosis caused by corticosteroid therapy by inhibiting bone resorption and improving bone density.
Jane Doe, 23, received her NPH insulin injection at 7:30 A.M., but due to oversight and a long wait in the x-ray department, she has not eaten for 14 hours. The nurse can anticipate which complication?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Ketoacidotic coma
- C. Insulin reaction
- D. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Not eating after insulin injection can cause hypoglycemia, or an insulin reaction, due to the lack of food to balance the insulin effect.
A common second messenger used in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones is
- A. tRNA.
- B. ATP.
- C. cAMP.
- D. PTH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cAMP. Water-soluble hormones, such as adrenaline or glucagon, bind to cell surface receptors and activate a signaling cascade that often involves cAMP as a second messenger. Upon hormone binding, the receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A, leading to phosphorylation of target proteins, ultimately affecting cellular responses.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones.
B: ATP is used as an energy source in various cellular processes, but it is not a second messenger in hormone signaling pathways.
D: PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone involved in calcium regulation and does not act through cAMP signaling in the same manner as water-soluble hormones.