Nokea
Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________.
- A. increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
- B. decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
- C. stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
- D. blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because glucocorticoids, like cortisol, increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, elevate fatty acid levels for energy production, and promote amino acid breakdown for energy. This helps the body respond to stress by providing necessary energy sources. Additionally, glucocorticoids can enhance blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow during stress.
Option B is incorrect because glucocorticoids typically increase heart rate and blood pressure to support the stress response. Option C is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not stimulate the release of insulin; instead, they can have an anti-insulin effect. Option D is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not block neurotransmitters but rather modulate the stress response at various levels.
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Which instruction given to a patient taking a β-blocker is essential to reduce the chance of an adverse response to the β-blocker, regardless of the purpose for which it’s been prescribed?
- A. Don’t stop taking this medication without a doctor’s advice first. A severe reaction can happen within days if you stop abruptly.
- B. Don’t go too far away from a bathroom; this drug usually causes urinary frequency.
- C. It’s likely to cause blurred vision for a few days; you may have trouble reading.
- D. It’s likely to cause constipation, so eat plenty of fiber and drink plenty of water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Don't stop taking this medication without a doctor's advice first." Abruptly stopping a β-blocker can lead to severe adverse reactions like rebound hypertension, angina exacerbation, or arrhythmias due to sudden withdrawal. This instruction is crucial to prevent these potentially dangerous consequences.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: β-blockers are not known to commonly cause urinary frequency, so this warning is unnecessary.
C: Blurred vision is not a common side effect of β-blockers, so this warning is irrelevant.
D: While constipation can be a side effect of some medications, it is not a prominent side effect of β-blockers, so this advice is not essential for patients taking β-blockers.
A common second messenger used in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones is
- A. tRNA.
- B. ATP.
- C. cAMP.
- D. PTH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cAMP. Water-soluble hormones, such as adrenaline or glucagon, bind to cell surface receptors and activate a signaling cascade that often involves cAMP as a second messenger. Upon hormone binding, the receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A, leading to phosphorylation of target proteins, ultimately affecting cellular responses.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones.
B: ATP is used as an energy source in various cellular processes, but it is not a second messenger in hormone signaling pathways.
D: PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone involved in calcium regulation and does not act through cAMP signaling in the same manner as water-soluble hormones.
What is a light-year?
- A. the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1 year
- B. the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 100 000 years
- C. the time taken for light to travel across the Milky Way
- D. the time taken for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1 year. Light-year is a unit of astronomical distance, not time. Light travels at a constant speed in a vacuum, approximately 299,792 kilometers per second. In one year, light can travel about 9.46 trillion kilometers, which is defined as one light-year. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately define a light-year in terms of distance traveled by light in a vacuum over a specific time period.
The nurse determines that a patient with a 2-hour OGTT of 152 mg/dL has
- A. diabetes
- B. impaired fasting glucose
- C. elevated A1C
- D. impaired glucose tolerance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 2-hour OGTT result of 152 mg/dL indicates impaired glucose tolerance, which is a prediabetes state.
Which one of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for preparing a client for a CT scan?
- A. Consult the physician for the special preparation
- B. Provide general explanation to the client
- C. Inform client to temporarily eliminate salt from the diet
- D. Instruct the client to fast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Providing a general explanation to the client about the CT scan ensures they understand the procedure and prepares them psychologically for the test.