Nokea
All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Human growth hormone (GH).
- B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
- C. Parathyroid hormone(PTH).
- D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. PTH is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary. Human growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it is not a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
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A short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic drug is:
- A. Atropine
- B. Homatropine
- C. Hyoscine
- D. Tropicamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Tropicamide. Tropicamide is a short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic drug commonly used in ophthalmology. It acts quickly, providing temporary dilation of the pupil and relaxation of the ciliary muscle for refraction assessment. Atropine (A) is a long-acting cycloplegic, not short-acting. Homatropine (B) and Hyoscine (C) are also longer-acting drugs compared to Tropicamide. Therefore, D is the correct answer for its rapid onset and short duration of action in dilating the pupil and paralyzing accommodation.
All of the following drugs are parasympatholytic drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Hyoscine
- B. Atropine
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Ipratropium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pilocarpine. Parasympatholytic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system. Pilocarpine, on the other hand, is a parasympathomimetic drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. Hyoscine, Atropine, and Ipratropium are all parasympatholytic drugs that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, pilocarpine is the exception in this list.
Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
- GLUT2 transporter on basolateral membrane transports glucose, galactose, and fructose.
- SGLT-2 transporter on apical membrane co-transports glucose and galactose with Na.
- Fructose absorption is via facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport.
- Insulin increases, not decreases, carbohydrate absorption.
Insulin:
- A. binds to GLUT 1-5 receptors in the peripheral tissues
- B. deficiency results in increased gluconeogenesis
- C. has a plasma half-life of 2-3 hours
- D. is secreted by the pancreatic A cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because insulin deficiency leads to increased gluconeogenesis due to the lack of inhibition on glucose production. Choice A is incorrect as insulin binds to GLUT 4 receptors, not GLUT 1-5. Choice C is wrong because insulin's half-life is only a few minutes. Choice D is also inaccurate as insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells, not A cells.
Which of these is not an endocrine gland?
- A. Pancreas.
- B. Testes.
- C. Salivary gland.
- D. Parathyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.