Nokea
Identify the endocrine gland that is located atop the kidneys.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is located atop the kidneys and is responsible for producing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. This gland plays a crucial role in the body's stress response and regulation of metabolism. The other choices are incorrect because the hypothalamus is located in the brain and regulates hormone secretion, the pancreas is located in the abdomen and is involved in insulin production, and the thyroid gland is located in the neck and controls metabolism.
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Alison is being treated for hyperthyroidism. In reviewing her laboratory results, the physician would expect to see:
- A. Diminished thyroid hormone.
- B. Elevated thyroid hormone.
- C. Diminished PTH.
- D. Elevated PTH.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, such as T3 and T4, which are produced in excess in this condition.
The patient has newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Which task should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Arrange consult with the dietitian for patient.
- B. Verify patient's insulin injection technique.
- C. Teach patient to use glucometer for monitoring glucose at home.
- D. Remind patient to check glucose level prior to each meal.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Reminding the patient to check glucose level prior to each meal is a simple task that can be delegated to the nursing assistant.
Which of the following nerves is related to the medial surface of thyroid gland?
- A. External laryngeal nerve
- B. Hypoglossal nerve
- C. Internal laryngeal nerve
- D. Vagus nerve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: External laryngeal nerve. This nerve runs along the medial surface of the thyroid gland, providing motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue, C: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the larynx, and D: Vagus nerve innervates various organs in the thorax and abdomen.
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:
- A. are feminizing hormones.
- B. induce virilization.
- C. are secreted by the gonads.
- D. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.
Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
- GLUT2 transporter on basolateral membrane transports glucose, galactose, and fructose.
- SGLT-2 transporter on apical membrane co-transports glucose and galactose with Na.
- Fructose absorption is via facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport.
- Insulin increases, not decreases, carbohydrate absorption.