Nokea
Which of the following is not a similarity between hormones and neurotransmitters?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (all of the above are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters)
- B. Both are chemical messengers.
- C. Both can sometimes be chemically identical.
- D. Both produce molecules that act on receptors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it states that none of the above choices are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. This is accurate as choices B, C, and D all highlight similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. Choice B is correct as both are chemical messengers, choice C is correct because some hormones and neurotransmitters can be chemically identical, and choice D is correct because both produce molecules that act on receptors. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it states that there are no similarities between the two, which is not the case.
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This adrenal cortical mineralocorticoid helps regulate salt and water balance.
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Glucagon
- C. Cortisol
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that specifically regulates salt and water balance in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, thus helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Glucagon - Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that primarily regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver. It does not play a role in salt and water balance regulation.
C: Cortisol - Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is involved in the body's response to stress and helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. It does not have a direct role in salt and water balance.
D: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption. While it is involved
Injecting cocaine may cause a hypertensive crisis or stroke, and if the cocaine is inhaled frequently, it may destroy the tissues in the nose. Which of the following best describes how cocaine causes these adverse effects?
- A. Blocks alpha adrenergic receptors
- B. Blocks muscarinic receptors for ACh
- C. Blocks reuptake of noradrenaline released from adrenergic nerves
- D. Depletes norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cocaine blocks the reuptake of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves, leading to excessive stimulation of adrenergic receptors. This causes increased blood pressure, which can result in a hypertensive crisis or stroke. Additionally, the vasoconstrictive effects of excess noradrenaline can lead to tissue damage in the nose when cocaine is inhaled frequently. Choices A and B are incorrect because cocaine does not directly block alpha adrenergic or muscarinic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because cocaine does not deplete norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings but rather increases its concentration by blocking reuptake.
Ketosis and acidosis are:
- A. most apt to be caused by an excess of insulin.
- B. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
- C. best treated with ADH.
- D. indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because ketosis and acidosis are indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids. Ketosis occurs when the body breaks down fats for energy, leading to high levels of ketones in the blood. Acidosis results from the accumulation of acidic substances in the body due to incomplete metabolism. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because excess insulin does not cause ketosis and acidosis, diabetes insipidus is unrelated to these conditions, and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is not the appropriate treatment for ketosis and acidosis.
What findings are commonly found in a patient with a prolactinoma?
- A. Gynecomastia in men
- B. Profuse menstruation in women
- C. Excess follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- D. Signs of increased intracranial pressure, including headache, nausea, and vomiting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prolactinomas often cause gynecomastia in men and other symptoms due to increased prolactin secretion.
Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
- GLUT2 transporter on basolateral membrane transports glucose, galactose, and fructose.
- SGLT-2 transporter on apical membrane co-transports glucose and galactose with Na.
- Fructose absorption is via facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport.
- Insulin increases, not decreases, carbohydrate absorption.