Nokea
A nurse is teaching a client about signs and symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis. Which of the following signs and symptoms below are indicative of thyrotoxic crisis?
- A. Chest pain
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Altered level of consciousness
- D. Hypothermia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Altered level of consciousness is a critical symptom of thyrotoxic crisis, which is a life-threatening condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels.
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What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?
- A. Low plasma levels of calcium
- B. High plasma levels of potassium
- C. High plasma levels of glucose
- D. Low blood volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: High plasma levels of glucose. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, pancreatic beta cells sense this increase and release insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy production or storage. This is known as the glucose-stimulated insulin release mechanism. Low plasma levels of calcium (choice A), high plasma levels of potassium (choice B), and low blood volume (choice D) do not directly stimulate insulin release and are unrelated to the regulation of insulin secretion.
Identify the endocrine gland that is located atop the kidneys.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is located atop the kidneys and is responsible for producing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. This gland plays a crucial role in the body's stress response and regulation of metabolism. The other choices are incorrect because the hypothalamus is located in the brain and regulates hormone secretion, the pancreas is located in the abdomen and is involved in insulin production, and the thyroid gland is located in the neck and controls metabolism.
Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________.
- A. increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
- B. decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
- C. stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
- D. blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because glucocorticoids, like cortisol, increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, elevate fatty acid levels for energy production, and promote amino acid breakdown for energy. This helps the body respond to stress by providing necessary energy sources. Additionally, glucocorticoids can enhance blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow during stress.
Option B is incorrect because glucocorticoids typically increase heart rate and blood pressure to support the stress response. Option C is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not stimulate the release of insulin; instead, they can have an anti-insulin effect. Option D is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not block neurotransmitters but rather modulate the stress response at various levels.
Which stimulates parietal cell secretion?
- A. prostaglandins
- B. aspirin
- C. vinegar
- D. acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine directly stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid. It binds to muscarinic receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in acid production. Prostaglandins (A) inhibit acid secretion, aspirin (B) can cause gastric irritation and ulcers, and vinegar (C) does not directly stimulate parietal cells.
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
- A. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone
- B. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
- C. second-messenger systems
- D. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroids act by binding to intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly interacts with the cell's DNA to regulate gene expression. This leads to changes in protein synthesis and cell function.
A: Extracellular receptors do not have specificity for a single amino acid sequence on the hormone. Steroids act intracellularly.
B: Formation of cyclic AMP is associated with G-protein coupled receptors, not steroid receptors.
C: Second-messenger systems are typically involved in signaling cascades triggered by extracellular ligands, not steroids.