Nokea
______________________ is the motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal.
- A. Dorsiflexion
- B. Plantar flexion
- C. Rotation
- D. Flexion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plantar flexion. Plantar flexion refers to the motion of extending the foot downward towards the ground, like when pointing the toes or pressing the gas pedal. This action is mainly controlled by the calf muscles, particularly the gastrocnemius and soleus. Dorsiflexion (A) is the opposite motion, where the foot is flexed upward towards the shin. Rotation (C) involves turning around an axis and is not relevant to this specific movement. Flexion (D) refers to the bending of a joint, not the extension of the foot downward. In summary, plantar flexion is the correct answer because it accurately describes the motion of extending the foot downward, while the other choices do not match the described movement.
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Which of the following is not compatible with penile erection?
- A. parasympathetic stimulation
- B. arterial dilation
- C. venous compression
- D. blood leaves erectile tissue
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: blood leaves erectile tissue. During penile erection, blood flows into the erectile tissue, causing the penis to become erect. Parasympathetic stimulation and arterial dilation are essential for promoting blood flow into the penis, while venous compression helps to trap blood within the erectile tissue, sustaining the erection. However, if blood were to leave the erectile tissue, it would result in a loss of erection. Therefore, choice D is not compatible with penile erection.
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close is a common developmental defect. Which of the following would likely be present in a 12-month-old infant with patent ductus arteriosus?
- A. Below-normal arterial PO2
- B. Below-normal arterial PCO2
- C. Greater than normal arterial blood pressure
- D. Lower than normal pulmonary arterial pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Below-normal arterial PO2. In a 12-month-old infant with patent ductus arteriosus, there would likely be a left-to-right shunt causing increased blood flow to the lungs, leading to decreased systemic blood flow. This can result in decreased systemic oxygenation and below-normal arterial PO2 levels. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because patent ductus arteriosus does not directly affect arterial PCO2, arterial blood pressure, or pulmonary arterial pressure in a way that would lead to those specific outcomes at this age.
The process by which a secondary oocyte is ejected from the ovary is called ________.
- A. emission
- B. menses
- C. fertilization
- D. ovulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ovulation. This process involves the release of a mature egg (secondary oocyte) from the ovarian follicle. During ovulation, the egg is released into the fallopian tube, where it can potentially be fertilized by sperm.
A: emission - Incorrect. This term typically refers to the discharge of semen from the male reproductive system.
B: menses - Incorrect. Menses refers to the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation, not the release of an egg from the ovary.
C: fertilization - Incorrect. Fertilization is the process of the sperm uniting with the egg, which occurs in the fallopian tube after ovulation.
The hormone that is released from the testes is ______.
- A. Progesterone
- B. Vasopressin
- C. Testosterone
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Testosterone. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testes. It plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. Progesterone (A) is a female sex hormone produced in the ovaries, not the testes. Vasopressin (B) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, not the testes. "None of the above" (D) is incorrect as testosterone is indeed released from the testes.
The following secondary sexual characteristics are influenced by the testosterone:
- A. skeleton;
- B. voice;
- C. the secretory modification of the spermatogenic epithelium;
- D. the distribution of excess fat;
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Testosterone is a male sex hormone responsible for developing secondary sexual characteristics.
2. Voice deepening is a well-known secondary sexual characteristic influenced by testosterone.
3. Testosterone affects the larynx, causing vocal cords to lengthen and thicken, leading to a deeper voice.
4. Skeleton development is mainly influenced by growth hormones, not testosterone.
5. Secretory modifications in spermatogenic epithelium are regulated by other hormones like FSH and LH, not testosterone.
6. The distribution of excess fat is influenced by various factors like genetics and metabolism, not specifically testosterone.
Summary:
Voice deepening (choice B) is the correct answer as it is a well-known secondary sexual characteristic influenced by testosterone. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly influenced by testosterone in the context of secondary sexual characteristics.