Nokea
Jakarta declaration 1997 is related to:
- A. RH
- B. Health promotion
- C. PHC
- D. Population development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Jakarta Declaration continued the focus on health promotion strategies.
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A number of passengers on a cruise ship have developed a gastrointestinal illness. Your case definition should include, at a minimum:
- A. Clinical criteria, plus specification of time, place, and person
- B. Clinical features, plus the exposure(s) you most suspect
- C. Suspect cases
- D. The nationally agreed standard case definition for disease reporting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A case definition must specify clinical criteria and the context of time, place, and person.
A constant rate of change would be represented by a curved line
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: On arithmetic-scale graphs, constant rates appear as straight lines.
What might explain a sudden increase in disease reports in one county?
- A. An outbreak in the county.
- B. Batch reports.
- C. Duplicate reports.
- D. Increase in the county's population and laboratory error.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Duplicate reports inflate the apparent number of cases without reflecting true incidence.
More CO2 is generated from
- A. fossils fuels
- B. kitchens(burning firewood)
- C. industries
- D. all
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed sources significantly contribute to CO2 emissions.
How would you design an ecologic study to investigate the following problems? How might the ecologic fallacy come into play in each situation? a. lung disease and air pollution b. birth defects and hazardous waste c. cancer and radiation leakage from a power plant
- A. Ecologic fallacy arises when group-level findings incorrectly infer individual-level relationships.
- B. Ecologic studies cannot address causality.
- C. All ecologic studies suffer from severe biases.
- D. Ecologic studies are irrelevant for public health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ecologic studies analyze aggregated data, risking incorrect inferences about individuals (ecologic fallacy).