Nokea
validity stands for.
- A. accuracy
- B. reliability
- C. consistency
- D. all
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.
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In the epidemiological terminology human host is referred to as
- A. Soil
- B. Seed
- C. Extrinsic factor
- D. none of them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In epidemiology, 'soil' refers to the environment or host where the pathogen (seed) grows.
Describe the significance for epidemiology of associating the environment with disease causality.
- A. It helps identify environmental risk factors.
- B. It proves that diseases are not contagious.
- C. It eliminates the need for clinical trials.
- D. It supports genetic research.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Linking the environment to disease causality allows for targeted public health interventions to reduce exposure to harmful factors.
More CO2 is generated from
- A. fossils fuels
- B. kitchens(burning firewood)
- C. industries
- D. all
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed sources significantly contribute to CO2 emissions.
A constant rate of change would be represented by a curved line
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: On arithmetic-scale graphs, constant rates appear as straight lines.
How would you design an ecologic study to investigate the following problems? How might the ecologic fallacy come into play in each situation? a. lung disease and air pollution b. birth defects and hazardous waste c. cancer and radiation leakage from a power plant
- A. Ecologic fallacy arises when group-level findings incorrectly infer individual-level relationships.
- B. Ecologic studies cannot address causality.
- C. All ecologic studies suffer from severe biases.
- D. Ecologic studies are irrelevant for public health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ecologic studies analyze aggregated data, risking incorrect inferences about individuals (ecologic fallacy).