Nokea
Ketoacidosis is most related to:
- A. adrenocortical insufficiency.
- B. Cushing syndrome.
- C. excess fatty acid catabolism.
- D. hyperglycemia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ketoacidosis is most related to excess fatty acid catabolism. During this process, the body breaks down fatty acids into ketones, leading to an accumulation of ketones in the blood and causing metabolic acidosis. Adrenocortical insufficiency (A) is related to cortisol deficiency, not ketoacidosis. Cushing syndrome (B) is associated with excess cortisol production, not ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels and is not directly related to the mechanism of ketoacidosis.
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Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, submandibular glands, as they produce the majority of salivary volume. These glands are the largest of the major salivary glands and secrete saliva rich in enzymes and mucin, contributing significantly to the total saliva volume. The lingual glands (A) are minor salivary glands located in the tongue and contribute a small portion of saliva. The sublingual glands (B) are also minor salivary glands located beneath the tongue, producing a smaller volume compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (C) are another major salivary gland, but they produce a lesser volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.
Which condition is caused by excessive growth hormone in adults?
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because the growth plates have already closed in adults, preventing the elongation of bones seen in gigantism (choice A). Tetany (choice B) is caused by low calcium levels, not growth hormone. Kidney failure (choice C) is not directly related to excessive growth hormone.
Which of the Following Hormones Regulate Blood Sodium and Potassium Levels in the Body?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Glycogens
- D. Pheromones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer as it specifically regulates blood sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys to enhance sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol is a stress hormone, not directly involved in electrolyte regulation. Glycogens are stored glucose molecules, not hormones. Pheromones are chemical signals for communication, not involved in electrolyte balance.
Which statement about the appliance must be correct?
- A. It does not have a live connection.
- B. It has two fuses.
- C. It has two switches.
- D. It is double-insulated.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It is double-insulated. This is correct because double-insulated appliances have an extra layer of insulation for added safety, eliminating the need for a grounded connection. This feature protects users from electric shocks.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: It does not have a live connection - This is not necessarily true as appliances can have live connections depending on their design and function.
B: It has two fuses - While some appliances may have fuses, the number of fuses does not determine the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
C: It has two switches - The presence of two switches does not necessarily indicate the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
Hyoscine is one of the most effective drugs for preventing motion sickness, but may cause photophobia or blurred vision. Which is the most similar prototype drug?
- A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- B. Propranolol
- C. Atropine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Hyoscine is an antimuscarinic drug used for motion sickness.
Step 2: Atropine is a similar prototype drug as it also belongs to the antimuscarinic class.
Step 3: Atropine, like hyoscine, can cause photophobia and blurred vision.
Step 4: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A) are not related to antimuscarinic drugs.
Step 5: Propranolol (B) is a beta-blocker and not an antimuscarinic drug.
Step 6: Bethanechol (D) is a muscarinic agonist, opposite in action to antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine and atropine.