Nokea
Kinds of innate immunity barriers are
- A. External barriers such as Skin, Secretions, Mucous membranes
- B. Internal defenses such as Inflammatory response
- C. A & B
- D. Non
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because both external barriers (Skin, Secretions, Mucous membranes) and internal defenses (Inflammatory response) are types of innate immunity. External barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body, while internal defenses involve cellular and molecular responses to eliminate pathogens. Choice A alone does not cover internal defenses, and choice B alone does not cover external barriers, making them individually incomplete. Choice D is incorrect as innate immunity does involve specific barriers and responses. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it encompasses both types of innate immunity barriers.
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Ferrets have recently been objects of an intense debate within the scientific community in the field of Flu research because
- A. Of a recent outbreak caused by a novel Influenza strain
- B. Of a recent outbreak caused by a highly virulent H1N1 strain
- C. Mutations have been introduced in H5N1 creating a strain transmissible among these mammals
- D. Two publications on this animal model for Flu were put on hold due to biosecurity reasons
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it indicates a specific reason for the intense debate within the scientific community regarding ferrets in Flu research. Mutations in H5N1 creating a strain transmissible among ferrets is significant as it highlights a potential threat of cross-species transmission and the need for further study.
A is incorrect as it does not provide a specific reason related to ferrets and their role in Flu research. B is incorrect because it focuses on a specific strain (H1N1) rather than mutations in H5N1. D is incorrect as it mentions publications being put on hold but does not address the core issue of mutations and transmissibility among ferrets.
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxygen radicals to peroxides. Which groups of organisms do not have this enzyme?
- A. aerobes
- B. facultative anaerobes
- C. oxyduric anaerobes
- D. oxylabile anaerobes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxylabile anaerobes. These organisms cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and are sensitive to oxygen radicals. Superoxide dismutase is essential for organisms that are exposed to oxygen, as it helps convert harmful oxygen radicals into less harmful peroxides. Therefore, organisms that lack this enzyme, like oxylabile anaerobes, would not be able to detoxify oxygen radicals and would not survive in aerobic environments.
A: Aerobes have superoxide dismutase to protect against oxygen radicals.
B: Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and would benefit from having superoxide dismutase.
C: Oxyduric anaerobes are resistant to oxygen and can still benefit from superoxide dismutase for detoxification.
What dietary advice should the nurse give to clients with HIV/AIDS?
- A. Encourage intake of fat-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- B. Encourage intake of water-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- C. Increase the intake of iron and zinc
- D. Decrease the intake of trace element and antioxidant supplements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Water-soluble vitamins are crucial for immune function and are often depleted in HIV/AIDS patients so increasing their intake is beneficial.
All of the following are true of antigen EXCEPT which one of the following?
- A. They contain paratopes
- B. They will react with antibodies.
- C. They contain antigenic determinants.
- D. They can elicit an immune response.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Paratopes are actually parts of antibodies that bind to antigens, not the antigens themselves. A is incorrect because antigens do not contain paratopes; rather, they contain epitopes or antigenic determinants that are recognized by antibodies. B, C, and D are true statements about antigens. B is true because antigens react with antibodies. C is true because antigens contain antigenic determinants that antibodies recognize. D is true because antigens can elicit an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies. Therefore, the correct answer is A because antigens do not contain paratopes.
Many clients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) report severe,ongoing fatigue without any explanation that has lasted for at least — months.
- A. 12
- B. 6
- C. 3
- D. 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by severe unexplained fatigue lasting for at least six months.