Nokea
Which types of hypersensitivity are mediated by antibodies?
- A. Type I, II, III, and IV
- B. Type I, II, III, and V
- C. Type I and IV only
- D. Type III and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Type I, II, III, and V.
- Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies and immediate allergic reactions.
- Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies attacking self-antigens on cells.
- Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition.
- Type V hypersensitivity involves autoantibodies stimulating receptors.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not include all types of hypersensitivity mediated by antibodies as specified in the question.
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Why is smallpox considered a factor that greatly helped European explorers to defeat the Native populations of the Americas (e.g. Mexico)?
- A. When the Europeans arrived there was an ongoing smallpox epidemic in the Americas that weakened the ability of the Natives to fight back
- B. The Native populations used a form of vaccination against smallpox that was often lethal and therefore they lost more lives.
- C. Smallpox was introduced in Mexico by the European explorers therefore the Native population had no immunity to it and the disease spread rapidly
- D. Both A and B are correct
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because smallpox was indeed introduced to the Americas by European explorers, leading to devastating effects on the Native populations who had no immunity. This weakened the Natives' ability to fight back against the Europeans. Option A is incorrect as there was no ongoing smallpox epidemic in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. Option B is also incorrect as there is no evidence that the Native populations used a lethal form of vaccination against smallpox. Option D is incorrect as only option C accurately explains the impact of smallpox on the Native populations in relation to European conquest.
Which dietary change is most beneficial in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer?
- A. Increased fiber intake
- B. High-fat diet
- C. Reduced carbohydrate consumption
- D. Increased protein intake
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased fiber intake promotes healthy digestion and reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
To provide free water and intracellular fluid hydration for a patient with acute gastroenteritis who is NPO, the nurse would expect administration of which infusion?
- A. Dextrose 5% in water
- B. Dextrose 10% in water
- C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
- D. Dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: D5W provides free water without adding significant electrolytes, aiding intracellular hydration.
Rolling' of neutrophils on endothelial cells is mediated by:
- A. Selectins expressed on endothelial cells
- B. Integrins expressed on leukocytes
- C. Chemokines such as CXCL-8 (IL-8)
- D. TNF
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Selectins expressed on endothelial cells. Rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells is a crucial step in the process of inflammation and immune response. Selectins are cell adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells that facilitate the initial interaction between leukocytes (such as neutrophils) and endothelial cells. This interaction allows for the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelial surface, which is essential for the subsequent steps of adhesion and transmigration into the tissues. Integrins (Choice B) are involved in the firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells, not in the initial rolling process. Chemokines (Choice C) such as CXCL-8 are signaling molecules that help in the recruitment of leukocytes but do not directly mediate the rolling process. TNF (Choice D) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine but is not directly involved in the rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells.
Which of the following concerning nosocomial infections is incorrect?
- A. Caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
- B. A common example is represented by Helicobacter pylori
- C. Caused by species that are often antibiotic-resistant
- D. Include infections by Clostridium difficile, a bacterial species that is often part of the commensal flora
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Helicobacter pylori is not typically associated with nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are usually caused by bacteria commonly found in healthcare settings, such as Clostridium difficile, which is mentioned in choice D. Choices A, C, and D are correct as nosocomial infections can be caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, often antibiotic-resistant species, and commensal flora bacteria like Clostridium difficile.