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KL is a 34-year-old male admitted to the hospital (large trauma center) after suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a serious motor vehicle accident. He was in excellent health prior to the accident. HT: 6'2" WT: 190 pounds (86 kg) What level of energy intake per day is the most appropriate for KL?
- A. 1,800 kcal
- B. 2,100 kcal
- C. 2,400 kcal
- D. 2,700 kcal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI), an energy intake of approximately 2,400 kcal/day is often appropriate to meet increased metabolic demands while avoiding overfeeding, which can exacerbate complications like hyperglycemia or respiratory issues.
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True statements about aldosterone include:
- A. it increases the amount of Na+-K+ ATPase in the target cells
- B. it reduces the sodium content of the sweat
- C. it increases the acidity of urine
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aldosterone increases Na+-K+ ATPase activity in target cells, promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. It also reduces sodium loss in sweat and increases urine acidity by promoting hydrogen ion excretion. These actions help regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
One of the most common features of neurological disorders are Language deficits and are collectively known as
- A. Dysphasias
- B. Alogias
- C. Anomias
- D. Aphasias
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aphasia is a language disorder resulting from damage to the brain's language centers, typically in the left hemisphere. It affects the ability to produce or comprehend speech, read, or write. Aphasia can manifest in various forms, such as Broca's aphasia (difficulty speaking) or Wernicke's aphasia (difficulty understanding language). These deficits are common in neurological disorders like stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases.
A person who experiences an aura as part of his/her seizure pattern should be instructed to
- A. lie down in a safe place
- B. take additional anticonvulsant medication
- C. call an ambulance
- D. exercise vigorously
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lying down in a safe place can prevent injury during a seizure.
In obtaining the history for the patient with carpal tunnel syndrome, you would expect to note a history of
- A. Pain and numbness or tingling sensation in the hand (over the palmar surface of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral aspect of the ring finger) that is worse at night.
- B. Crepitus (grating feeling on palpation over joint during range of motion) due to loss of articular cartilage and bony overgrowth in joint.
- C. Excessive forward curvature of the thoracic spine (kyphosis) owing to pathologic vertebral fractures, and collapsing of the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies in the thoracic area.
- D. Acute onset of excruciating pain in joint because of accumulation of uric acid within the joint.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms include nocturnal pain and paresthesia in the median nerve distribution.
Which of these diseases can be prevented with a vaccine for humans?
- A. eastern equine encephalitis
- B. western equine encephalitis
- C. West Nile encephalitis
- D. Japanese encephalitis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the disease - Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes.
Step 2: Understand the role of a vaccine - a vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies to fight the virus.
Step 3: Vaccines prevent future infections - by administering a vaccine for Japanese encephalitis, individuals can develop immunity and prevent the disease.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is D because a vaccine is available to prevent Japanese encephalitis.
Summary: A, B, and C are incorrect because there are no vaccines available for eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis, respectively.