Nokea
Larry has heart failure, which is being treated with digoxin because it exhibits:
- A. Negative inotropism
- B. Positive chronotropism
- C. Both 1 and 2
- D. Neither 1 nor 2
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Digoxin has positive inotropic effects, increasing contractility, not negative or chronotropic.
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The nurse learns that a drug needed by the patient is classified as an orphan drug and recognizes what as a reason for this classification? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. The drug is rarely prescribed.
- B. The drug has dangerous adverse effects.
- C. The drug treats a rare disease.
- D. The patent on the medication is still effective.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Drugs are classified as orphan drugs when they are not financially viable for a drug company to produce either because of risk for lawsuits about adverse effects or because the drug is not prescribed, which is often seen in rare diagnoses. Generic drugs are not produced until the patent expires, but this has no impact on classifying a particular drug as an orphan drug. Generic drugs are often produced by companies that only manufacture drugs without conducting research, but this has no bearing on the classification of orphan drugs.
The nursing instructor is discussing drug therapy in the older adult. What would the instructor tell the students could affect therapeutic dosing in an older adult?
- A. In older adults, drugs have decreased GI absorption.
- B. In older adults
- C. In older adults, drugs are distributed to a smaller portion of the tissue.
- D. In older adults, drugs have an increased action.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Decreased GI absorption in older adults can reduce drug bioavailability, necessitating dosage adjustments.
First-generation antihistamines such as loratadine (Claritin) are prescribed for seasonal allergies because they are:
- A. More effective than first-generation antihistamines
- B. Less sedating than the first-generation antihistamines
- C. Prescription products, therefore are covered by insurance
- D. Able to be taken with central nervous system (CNS) sedatives, such as alcohol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine, less sedating than first-generation ones; it's not more effective , insurance-driven , or safe with sedatives .
Aminoglycosides are most effective against which kind of microorganism?
- A. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria
- B. Anaerobic gram-negative bacteria
- C. Aerobic gram-positive bacteria
- D. Anaerobic gram-positive bacteria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aminoglycosides target aerobic gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis, requiring oxygen-dependent uptake.
Methylnaltrexone is used to treat constipation in:
- A. Patients with functional constipation
- B. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome-associated constipation
- C. Children with encopresis
- D. Opioid-associated constipation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Methylnaltrexone specifically reverses opioid-induced constipation; it's not for functional , IBS , or pediatric use.