Nokea
Lungs have a large number of narrow tubes called
- A. Alveoli
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Bronchi
- D. Alveolar ducts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bronchioles. Bronchioles are small, narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi. They play a crucial role in conducting air to the alveoli for gas exchange. Alveoli (choice A) are tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, not narrow tubes. Bronchi (choice C) are larger air passages that branch off from the trachea, leading to the bronchioles. Alveolar ducts (choice D) are tiny ducts that connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs, but they are not the large number of narrow tubes found in the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is bronchioles as they specifically fit the description of narrow tubes in the lungs.
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A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
- A. decrease the rate of breathing
- B. double the respiratory rate
- C. decrease pulmonary ventilation
- D. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A 10% increase in CO2 levels triggers chemoreceptors to signal the brainstem, increasing the respiratory rate to eliminate excess CO2. This is known as hypercapnia-induced hyperventilation. Option A is incorrect because an increase in CO2 levels would not decrease the rate of breathing. Option C is incorrect because an increase in CO2 would actually stimulate an increase in pulmonary ventilation to remove the excess CO2. Option D is incorrect because alveolar ventilation (gas exchange in the lungs) would increase, not decrease, to maintain proper oxygen and CO2 levels in the body.
A client with a new tracheostomy is being seen in the oncology clinic. What finding by the nurse best indicates that goals for the client's decrease in self-esteem are being met?
- A. The client demonstrates good understanding of stoma care.
- B. The client has joined a book club that meets at the library.
- C. Family members take turns assisting with stoma care.
- D. Skin around the stoma is intact without signs of infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because joining a book club shows an improvement in social engagement and participation, indicating an increase in self-esteem. This choice demonstrates the client's interest in activities outside of their healthcare needs, promoting a sense of normalcy and connection. In contrast, options A, C, and D focus solely on stoma care and physical aspects, not directly related to self-esteem. Understanding stoma care (A) is important but does not address self-esteem directly. Family assistance (C) is supportive but does not necessarily indicate an improvement in the client's self-esteem. Skin integrity (D) is essential for physical health but does not reflect self-esteem.
The nurse assessing the CBC of a patient with chronic bronchitis identifies a typical feature of this disease, which is:
- A. Decreased platelets.
- B. Decreased white blood cells.
- C. Increased eosinophils.
- D. Increased red blood cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased red blood cells. In chronic bronchitis, the body compensates for chronic hypoxia by increasing red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) to improve oxygen delivery. This is known as polycythemia. Decreased platelets (A) and white blood cells (B) are not typical features of chronic bronchitis. Increased eosinophils (C) are more commonly associated with allergic conditions or parasitic infections, not chronic bronchitis. In summary, the increased red blood cells in chronic bronchitis help enhance oxygen-carrying capacity, distinguishing it from the other options.
Hemoglobin
- A. tends to give up oxygen in regions where partial pressure of oxygen exceeds that in the lungs.
- B. tends to hold onto oxygen when the pH of the blood drops.
- C. tends to release oxygen where the temperature is lower.
- D. releases oxygen more readily in highly active tissues.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily in highly active tissues due to increased metabolic demand for oxygen. This is known as the Bohr effect. Choice A is incorrect as hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs where oxygen partial pressure is high. Choice B is incorrect as hemoglobin actually releases oxygen in acidic conditions to increase oxygen delivery to tissues. Choice C is incorrect as hemoglobin releases oxygen in warmer areas to facilitate oxygen delivery to metabolically active tissues.
A nurse assesses a client after a thoracentesis. Which assessment finding warrants immediate action?
- A. The client rates pain as a 5/10 at the site of the procedure.
- B. A small amount of drainage from the site is noted.
- C. Pulse oximetry is 93% on 2 liters of oxygen.
- D. The trachea is deviated toward the opposite side of the neck.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because tracheal deviation indicates a potential pneumothorax, a life-threatening complication of thoracentesis. Trachea should be midline. A, B, and C are incorrect because mild pain, small drainage, and slightly decreased oxygen saturation are expected findings post-thoracentesis and do not necessitate immediate action.