Nokea
Following a motor vehicle accident, the nurse assesses the driver for which distinctive sign of flail chest?
- A. Severe hypotension
- B. Chest pain over ribs
- C. Absence of breath sounds
- D. Paradoxical chest movement
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Flail chest is characterized by paradoxical chest movement, where a segment of the chest wall moves in the opposite direction during breathing. This can lead to respiratory compromise and requires careful monitoring and management.
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A client is in the family practice clinic reporting a severe cold that started 4 days ago. On examination the nurse notes that the client also has a severe headache and muscle aches. What action by the nurse is best?
- A. Educate the client on oseltamivir.
- B. Facilitate admission to the hospital.
- C. Instruct the client to have a flu vaccine.
- D. Teach the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teach the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve. This action is best because the client is showing symptoms of a cold, which is typically caused by a virus spread through respiratory droplets. Instructing the client to sneeze in the upper sleeve can help prevent the spread of the virus to others. Choice A is incorrect because oseltamivir is used to treat influenza, not the common cold. Choice B is unnecessary as hospital admission is not typically warranted for a cold. Choice C is also incorrect as the client is already sick and a flu vaccine would not be effective at this point in time.
Where is carbonic anhydrase commonly found in the body?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Lungs
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lungs. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, which plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body. In the lungs, carbonic anhydrase helps regulate the levels of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the blood by facilitating the exchange of gases during respiration. This enzyme is not predominantly found in the liver, kidneys, or stomach, as their functions are not directly related to gas exchange or acid-base balance.
Bovine tuberculosis is transmitted from cow to man through
- A. Contact
- B. Milk
- C. Contamination of water with infected urine
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contact. Bovine tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected cows, such as through inhalation of respiratory droplets or consumption of contaminated milk. It is less commonly transmitted through consumption of infected meat or contamination of water with infected urine. Contact with infected animals poses the highest risk for transmission due to the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis being present in respiratory secretions and excretions of infected cows.
Pain with chronic stable angina is due to:
- A. Rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac.
- B. Insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries
- C. Irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall
- D. Dilation of the coronary arteries to increase blood flow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because chronic stable angina is caused by insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle during exertion. This results in chest pain.
A is incorrect as there is no rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac in chronic stable angina.
C is incorrect as the pain is not due to irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall.
D is incorrect as dilation of the coronary arteries does not cause pain in chronic stable angina; it is actually a compensatory mechanism to increase blood flow in response to decreased oxygen supply.
What is the main goal of treatment in heart failure?
- A. To increase blood pressure
- B. To cure the underlying cause
- C. To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
- D. To induce weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. The main goal of treatment in heart failure is to manage symptoms, improve heart function, and enhance quality of life. This involves optimizing medications, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes devices or surgeries. Increasing blood pressure (A) is not the goal as high blood pressure can worsen heart failure. Curing the underlying cause (B) may not always be possible, so the focus is on managing symptoms. Inducing weight loss (D) may be necessary in some cases, but it is not the primary goal of treatment for heart failure.