Nokea
In pleurisy,
- A. some of the alveoli fill with fluid.
- B. the pleural membrane becomes inflamed and swollen and causes painful breathing.
- C. the diaphragm develops muscular cramps.
- D. the vagus nerve is irritated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because pleurisy is inflammation of the pleural membrane, causing pain during breathing due to friction between the inflamed layers. Choice A is incorrect as alveoli are not directly affected in pleurisy. Choice C is incorrect as pleurisy does not cause cramps in the diaphragm. Choice D is incorrect as the vagus nerve irritation is not a characteristic feature of pleurisy.
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Pain with chronic stable angina is due to:
- A. Rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac.
- B. Insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries
- C. Irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall
- D. Dilation of the coronary arteries to increase blood flow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because chronic stable angina is caused by insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle during exertion. This results in chest pain.
A is incorrect as there is no rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac in chronic stable angina.
C is incorrect as the pain is not due to irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall.
D is incorrect as dilation of the coronary arteries does not cause pain in chronic stable angina; it is actually a compensatory mechanism to increase blood flow in response to decreased oxygen supply.
A nurse is caring for a male client with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note in the client?
- A. Pallor
- B. Low arterial PaO2
- C. Elevated arterial PaO2
- D. Decreased respiratory rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Low arterial PaO2. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), there is inadequate oxygen exchange in the lungs, leading to low PaO2 levels. This is due to alveolar damage and decreased lung compliance. Pallor (choice A) is not a specific finding in ARDS. Elevated arterial PaO2 (choice C) is not expected in ARDS as it indicates sufficient oxygenation. Decreased respiratory rate (choice D) is not a typical finding in ARDS, as patients often have an increased respiratory rate to compensate for the poor oxygenation.
Respiration involves one of the following sets of processes
- A. Inspiration, exchange of gases, Expiration
- B. Aspiration, Inspiration, Expiration
- C. External, Internal and Expiration
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it accurately describes the processes involved in respiration. Inspiration is the intake of oxygen, exchange of gases occurs in the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released, and expiration is the process of exhaling carbon dioxide.
Option B is incorrect because aspiration refers to the act of inhaling foreign objects or substances, not a part of normal respiration. Option C is incorrect because it does not accurately describe the sequence of processes in respiration. Option D is incorrect as the processes listed in option A are indeed involved in respiration.
In general, when looking at acid-base balance, how does the body compensate with metabolic acidosis?
- A. Lungs ""blow off"" CO2 to raise pH
- B. Lungs retain CO2 to lower pH
- C. Kidneys retain more HCO3 to raise the pH
- D. Kidneys excrete more HCO3 to lower pH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. In metabolic acidosis, the lungs compensate by increasing respiratory rate and depth ('blowing off' CO2) to reduce acidity and raise pH. B is incorrect because retaining CO2 would worsen acidosis. C is partially true long-term but slower acting than pulmonary compensation. D is incorrect because excreting bicarbonate lowers pH further.
Where is carbonic anhydrase commonly found in the body?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Lungs
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lungs. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, which plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body. In the lungs, carbonic anhydrase helps regulate the levels of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the blood by facilitating the exchange of gases during respiration. This enzyme is not predominantly found in the liver, kidneys, or stomach, as their functions are not directly related to gas exchange or acid-base balance.