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What is the main goal of treatment in heart failure?
- A. To increase blood pressure
- B. To cure the underlying cause
- C. To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
- D. To induce weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. The main goal of treatment in heart failure is to manage symptoms, improve heart function, and enhance quality of life. This involves optimizing medications, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes devices or surgeries. Increasing blood pressure (A) is not the goal as high blood pressure can worsen heart failure. Curing the underlying cause (B) may not always be possible, so the focus is on managing symptoms. Inducing weight loss (D) may be necessary in some cases, but it is not the primary goal of treatment for heart failure.
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Where is carbonic anhydrase commonly found in the body?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Lungs
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lungs. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, which plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body. In the lungs, carbonic anhydrase helps regulate the levels of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the blood by facilitating the exchange of gases during respiration. This enzyme is not predominantly found in the liver, kidneys, or stomach, as their functions are not directly related to gas exchange or acid-base balance.
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
- A. decrease the rate of breathing
- B. double the respiratory rate
- C. decrease pulmonary ventilation
- D. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A 10% increase in CO2 levels triggers chemoreceptors to signal the brainstem, increasing the respiratory rate to eliminate excess CO2. This is known as hypercapnia-induced hyperventilation. Option A is incorrect because an increase in CO2 levels would not decrease the rate of breathing. Option C is incorrect because an increase in CO2 would actually stimulate an increase in pulmonary ventilation to remove the excess CO2. Option D is incorrect because alveolar ventilation (gas exchange in the lungs) would increase, not decrease, to maintain proper oxygen and CO2 levels in the body.
Respiration involves one of the following sets of processes
- A. Inspiration, exchange of gases, Expiration
- B. Aspiration, Inspiration, Expiration
- C. External, Internal and Expiration
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it accurately describes the processes involved in respiration. Inspiration is the intake of oxygen, exchange of gases occurs in the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released, and expiration is the process of exhaling carbon dioxide.
Option B is incorrect because aspiration refers to the act of inhaling foreign objects or substances, not a part of normal respiration. Option C is incorrect because it does not accurately describe the sequence of processes in respiration. Option D is incorrect as the processes listed in option A are indeed involved in respiration.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has a pleural effusion and who underwent a thoracoscopic procedure earlier in the morning. The nurse should prioritize assessment for which of the following?
- A. Sputum production
- B. Shortness of breath
- C. Throat discomfort
- D. Epistaxis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Shortness of breath. Following a thoracoscopic procedure for a pleural effusion, shortness of breath is a priority assessment as it could indicate complications such as pneumothorax or respiratory distress. Sputum production (A) may be important but is secondary to respiratory distress. Throat discomfort (C) and epistaxis (D) are not directly related to the procedure or potential complications and would not be the priority assessment in this scenario.
In general, when looking at acid-base balance, how does the body compensate with metabolic acidosis?
- A. Lungs ""blow off"" CO2 to raise pH
- B. Lungs retain CO2 to lower pH
- C. Kidneys retain more HCO3 to raise the pH
- D. Kidneys excrete more HCO3 to lower pH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. In metabolic acidosis, the lungs compensate by increasing respiratory rate and depth ('blowing off' CO2) to reduce acidity and raise pH. B is incorrect because retaining CO2 would worsen acidosis. C is partially true long-term but slower acting than pulmonary compensation. D is incorrect because excreting bicarbonate lowers pH further.