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Mallory-Weiss syndrome is a complication of
- A. Placenta praevia
- B. Cardiac disease
- C. Postpartum haemorrhage
- D. Hyperemesis gravidarum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mallory-Weiss syndrome is caused by severe vomiting leading to tears in the esophagus. Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, which can result in Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Placenta praevia, cardiac disease, and postpartum hemorrhage are not directly associated with Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
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How does maternal obesity affect pregnancy outcomes?
- A. Increases risk of gestational diabetes
- B. Causes miscarriage
- C. Leads to anemia
- D. Reduces chance of preterm labor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increases risk of gestational diabetes. Maternal obesity can lead to insulin resistance, increasing the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes during pregnancy. This condition can have negative effects on both the mother and the baby.
B: Miscarriage is not directly linked to maternal obesity but can be influenced by other factors.
C: Maternal obesity is not a direct cause of anemia during pregnancy. Anemia is usually related to iron deficiency or other factors.
D: Maternal obesity is actually associated with an increased risk of preterm labor, not a reduced chance. This is due to various complications such as hypertension and preeclampsia.
When examining a patient with abdominal pain, the AGACNP knows that tenderness to percussion is analogous to
- A. Tympany
- B. Guarding
- C. Rebound tenderness
- D. Somatic pain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Rebound tenderness. Tenderness to percussion is similar to rebound tenderness because both involve assessing pain upon release of pressure. Rebound tenderness specifically evaluates pain when the examiner quickly removes pressure, indicating peritoneal inflammation. Tympany (A) refers to a drum-like sound upon percussion, not pain. Guarding (B) is involuntary muscle contractions in response to palpation, not percussion. Somatic pain (D) is localized pain arising from skin, muscles, or bones, not related to percussion tenderness.
Clinical features of intracranial injury include:
- A. Limpness, bruises, and hypothermia
- B. Irritability, hypoxia, and paralysis
- C. Hypothermia, limpness, and irritability
- D. Hypocalcemia, paralysis, and hypoxia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Irritability, hypoxia, and paralysis. Intracranial injury can lead to neurological symptoms such as irritability due to brain inflammation, hypoxia from impaired oxygen delivery, and paralysis from damage to the brain or spinal cord. Limpness, bruises, and hypothermia (Option A) are not specific to intracranial injury. Hypothermia, limpness, and irritability (Option C) do not encompass the key neurological symptoms associated with intracranial injury. Hypocalcemia, paralysis, and hypoxia (Option D) include incorrect factors not typically seen in intracranial injury.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment for cancer is given to facilitate surgical resection. When the outcomes of cancer therapies are evaluated, the terms complete response and partial response often are used. Partial response means that
- A. 50% of the patients treated with a given regimen demonstrate remission
- B. 50% of the patients treated survive to the 5-year point
- C. The tumor mass has reduced by > 50%
- D. In 50% of cases, the tumor converts from unresectable to resectable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because partial response in cancer therapy typically refers to a reduction in tumor size by more than 50%. This reduction indicates some positive effect of the treatment on the tumor.
Choice A is incorrect because partial response is not solely based on the percentage of patients demonstrating remission, it is about the tumor response.
Choice B is incorrect because survival at 5 years is related to overall survival rate, not specifically to the tumor response.
Choice D is incorrect because the conversion from unresectable to resectable is more related to the operability of the tumor, rather than the response to chemotherapy.
Inadequate levels of surfactant in a neonate leads to a condition referred to as
- A. Meconium aspiration syndrome
- B. Intranatal pneumonia
- C. Respiratory distress syndrome
- D. Congenital pneumothorax
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant is essential for reducing surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse. Inadequate levels of surfactant in a neonate result in respiratory distress syndrome. Meconium aspiration syndrome (A) is due to inhalation of meconium by the neonate. Intranatal pneumonia (B) is an infection acquired during birth. Congenital pneumothorax (D) is the presence of air in the pleural space, not directly related to surfactant levels.