Nokea
Member of a family ‘Reoviruses' that causes diarrhea in infants is called:
- A. Rotavirus
- B. Congovirus
- C. Hepadnavirus
- D. Picornavirus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rotavirus. Rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family known for causing diarrhea in infants. It infects the lining of the small intestine, leading to symptoms like vomiting and watery diarrhea.
Rationale:
1. Rotavirus is specifically known for causing diarrhea in infants.
2. Reoviruses are a family of viruses to which rotavirus belongs.
3. Congovirus (B), Hepadnavirus (C), and Picornavirus (D) do not belong to the Reoviridae family and are not associated with causing diarrhea in infants.
In summary, choice A is correct as it aligns with the characteristics of the given family of viruses and their associated symptoms, while choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not fit these criteria.
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The toxic condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood is referred to as:
- A. bacteremia
- B. septicemia
- C. shock
- D. bloodborne infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: septicemia. Septicemia specifically refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Bacteremia (choice A) is simply the presence of bacteria in the blood without the systemic inflammatory response. Shock (choice C) is a state of circulatory collapse, often seen in severe septicemia. Bloodborne infection (choice D) is a general term for infections transmitted through the blood but does not specifically refer to the condition of bacterial multiplication causing toxicity.
A wound swab from a patient with severe tissue infection revealed Gram-positive rods in chains producing gas. The bacteria were spore-forming. What is the causative agent?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium is a Gram-positive rod that forms chains and produces gas due to its ability to ferment carbohydrates. It is also spore-forming, which helps it survive harsh conditions. Clostridium perfringens is commonly associated with severe tissue infections and gas gangrene.
Choice B: Bacillus anthracis is also a spore-forming Gram-positive rod but is not typically associated with gas production or severe tissue infections.
Choice C: Clostridium tetani is a spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus, not severe tissue infections with gas production.
Choice D: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium and does not fit the description provided in the question.
Medical examination of the first-year pupils included Mantoux test. 15 pupils out of 35 had negative reaction. What actions should be taken against children with negative reaction?
- A. BCG vaccination
- B. Antitoxin vaccination
- C. Rabies vaccination
- D. Repeat Mantoux test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: BCG vaccination. The Mantoux test is used to detect tuberculosis infection. A negative reaction means the child is not infected. BCG vaccination is recommended for individuals without prior TB infection to prevent severe forms of the disease. Antitoxin and rabies vaccinations are not related to TB and are not indicated in this scenario. Repeating the Mantoux test is unnecessary since a negative result indicates absence of TB infection.
Which of the statements below IS NOT CORRECT
- A. an immunocompromised person has to be vaccinated with live vaccines with caution
- B. live vaccines to not revert to virulent form
- C. microbes with many serotypes are difficult to control with vaccination
- D. side effect to vaccination can occur
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because live vaccines can potentially revert to a virulent form, although this is extremely rare. This is due to the live attenuated virus in the vaccine potentially mutating back to a more dangerous form. Live vaccines are designed to be weakened but there is a small risk of reversion. Therefore, statement B is not correct.
A: This statement is correct as immunocompromised individuals may have adverse reactions to live vaccines due to their weakened immune system.
C: This statement is correct as microbes with many serotypes can make it challenging to develop a vaccine that covers all variations.
D: This statement is correct as side effects to vaccination, although usually mild and temporary, can occur in some individuals.
The patient 25 y.o. was admitted on the 1st day of the disease with complaints of double vision in the eyes, heavy breathing. The day before the patient ate homemade mushrooms. On objective examination: paleness, widened pupils, disorder of swallowing, bradycardia, constipation are marked. What is the diagnosis?
- A. Botulism
- B. Yersiniosis
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Salmonellosis, gastrointestinal form
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Botulism. Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. In this case, the patient's symptoms align with botulism due to the ingestion of homemade mushrooms. The symptoms of double vision, heavy breathing, paleness, widened pupils, swallowing difficulties, bradycardia, and constipation are all classic signs of botulism poisoning. The toxin affects the nervous system and can lead to paralysis. The other choices (B: Yersiniosis, C: Leptospirosis, D: Salmonellosis) do not match the patient's symptoms and history of consuming mushrooms, making them incorrect.