Bacteria are studied by:
- A. Taxonomy
- B. Classification
- C. Identification
- D. Nomenclature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Identification. Bacteria are studied by identification to determine their specific characteristics and differentiate between different species. Taxonomy (A) is the science of classification, not specific to bacteria. Classification (B) is the process of grouping organisms based on shared characteristics, not specific to bacteria. Nomenclature (D) is the naming system for organisms, not the primary method for studying bacteria. Therefore, identification (C) is the correct choice for studying bacteria.
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For which family the following morphological features are typical: filamentous spiral nucleocapsid, linear unsegmented single strand (-) RNA and lipid bilayer membrane of cellular origin:
- A. Picornaviridae
- B. Filoviridae
- C. Orthomyxoviridae
- D. Togaviridae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Filamentous spiral nucleocapsid is characteristic of Filoviridae, such as Ebola virus.
2. Linear unsegmented single strand (-) RNA is a key feature of Filoviridae genomes.
3. The lipid bilayer membrane of cellular origin is found in Filoviridae viruses.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Filoviridae) due to the alignment of all three morphological features.
Summary:
- A (Picornaviridae): Has an icosahedral capsid, not filamentous spiral.
- C (Orthomyxoviridae): Has a segmented genome, not linear unsegmented.
- D (Togaviridae): Has a spherical capsid, not filamentous spiral.
How is detected viral multiplication in cell culture
- A. by the presence of a specific cytopathic effect
- B. by using of an immunofluorescence detection method
- C. the characteristic type of viral colonies
- D. A and B both
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (A and B both). In viral multiplication, the presence of a specific cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell culture indicates viral replication. This is detected visually through changes in cell morphology. Additionally, immunofluorescence detection methods can be used to detect viral antigens within infected cells, confirming viral multiplication. Options C is incorrect as viral colonies are not typically used to detect viral multiplication in cell culture. Option B alone is not sufficient as it only focuses on immunofluorescence detection, while option A alone may not always be specific. Therefore, the combination of A and B provides a more comprehensive and accurate detection method for viral multiplication in cell culture.
Which is NOT TRUE:
- A. Defense role of the skin is related to the low pH of the skin surface
- B. Defense role of the skin is related to activity of the skin macrophages
- C. Defense role of the skin is related to secretion
- D. Defense role of skin is related to lysozyme activity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the defense role of the skin is not related to lysozyme activity. Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus, not specifically in the skin. The skin's defense role is primarily related to its physical barrier function, low pH creating an acidic environment that inhibits microbial growth, secretion of antimicrobial peptides, and the activity of skin macrophages that phagocytose pathogens. Choices A, B, and C are true statements as they correctly describe different aspects of the skin's defense mechanisms.
The most important fungi that cause diseases of the skin, hair, and nails are called:
- A. Plasmodium
- B. sporozoites
- C. dermatophytes
- D. nematodes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C: dermatophytes
Rationale:
1. Dermatophytes are fungi that specifically infect the skin, hair, and nails.
2. They are the most common fungi causing such infections in humans.
3. Plasmodium and sporozoites are parasites causing malaria, not skin diseases.
4. Nematodes are a type of roundworm and do not typically cause skin, hair, or nail infections.
In summary, dermatophytes are the correct answer because they are specialized fungi that commonly cause skin, hair, and nail diseases, distinguishing them from the other choices.
While registering the child to the school Mantoux's test was made to define whether revaccination was needed test result is negative. What does this result of the test mean?
- A. Absence of antitoxic immunity to the tuberculosis
- B. Presence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- C. Absence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- D. Presence of cell immunity to the tuberculosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Mantoux test measures cell-mediated immunity response to tuberculosis.
Step 2: A negative result means no significant immune response to TB antigens.
Step 3: Option A is incorrect, as it refers to antitoxic immunity, not cell immunity.
Step 4: Option B is incorrect, as it mentions antibodies, not cell-mediated immunity.
Step 5: Option C is incorrect, as it states absence of antibodies, not cell immunity.
Step 6: Option D is correct as it directly correlates with the purpose of Mantoux test.