Nokea
The sample used to proving epidemic meningitis is:
- A. CSF transported at 37°C (CSF sample, blood, nasopharyngeal secretion)
- B. Feces
- C. CSF transported at +4°C
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) is the sample used for proving epidemic meningitis. It should be transported at 37°C to maintain its integrity. Blood and nasopharyngeal secretions are not typically used for diagnosing meningitis. Choice B, feces, is unrelated to the diagnosis of meningitis. Choice C, CSF transported at +4°C, is incorrect as it should be transported at 37°C to prevent degradation of the sample. Therefore, A is the correct choice for proving epidemic meningitis due to the specificity of the sample and the proper transport conditions.
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Which of the following viruses has the name of the city where it was first discovered:
- A. Chikungunya virus
- B. Marburg virus
- C. Measles virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Marburg virus is named after the German city Marburg where it was first identified in 1967.
2. Chikungunya virus is named after a village in Tanzania.
3. Measles virus got its name from the Middle English word "maselen" meaning "many little spots".
4. Epstein-Barr virus is named after Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr, who discovered it.
Summary:
B is correct as it is directly named after the city of its discovery. A, C, and D are incorrect as they are named after other locations, characteristics, or discoverers.
A patient has symptoms of inflammation of urogenital tracts. Examination of a vaginal smear revealed big monocellular, pear-shaped organisms with the pointed spike at the posterior end of body, big nucleus and undulating membrane. What protozoa were found in the smear?
- A. Trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Trichomonas hominis
- C. Trichomonas buccalis
- D. Trypanosoma gambiense
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trichomonas vaginalis.
1. Symptoms of urogenital inflammation match Trichomonas vaginalis infection.
2. Description matches Trichomonas vaginalis characteristics: pear-shaped, pointed spike, big nucleus, undulating membrane.
3. Trichomonas hominis and buccalis do not typically infect urogenital tracts.
4. Trypanosoma gambiense causes African trypanosomiasis, not urogenital infections.
Lysozyme acts on the bacterial:
- A. cytoplasm
- B. cell wall
- C. nucleus
- D. capsule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cell wall. Lysozyme is an enzyme that targets the cell wall of bacteria by breaking down the peptidoglycan layer, leading to bacterial cell lysis. This action disrupts the structural integrity of the bacteria, ultimately causing their death. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because lysozyme does not target the cytoplasm, nucleus, or capsule of bacteria. The primary function of lysozyme is to act on the cell wall, making option B the correct answer in this context.
The spore in the cells of Clostridium tetani is located:
- A. Paracentrally
- B. Subterminally
- C. Centrally
- D. Terminally
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Terminally. In Clostridium tetani, spores are located at the terminal end of the cell. This positioning helps the spores to be released easily when the cell lyses, aiding in the spread of the bacteria. Paracentrally (A) and centrally (C) would not be as efficient for spore release. Subterminally (B) is also incorrect as the spores are specifically located at the terminal end of the cell, not just near it.
A child presented with foul-smelling diarrhea. Stool microscopy revealed trophozoites with two nuclei and flagella. What is the causative agent?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Trichomonas vaginalis
- D. Balantidium coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Giardia lamblia. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes foul-smelling diarrhea. The trophozoites of Giardia lamblia have two nuclei and flagella, which are characteristic features seen on stool microscopy. The presence of these specific features helps differentiate Giardia lamblia from the other options. Entamoeba histolytica (B) typically presents with one nucleus and lacks flagella. Trichomonas vaginalis (C) is a sexually transmitted parasite with a different morphology. Balantidium coli (D) is a ciliated parasite, not flagellated like Giardia lamblia.