Nokea
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed is called:
- A. commensalism
- B. parasitism
- C. synergism
- D. antagonism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: parasitism. In parasitism, one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (host). The parasite derives nutrients or resources from the host, causing harm or even death in some cases. This relationship is characterized by asymmetry, where one organism benefits while the other is negatively impacted. Commensalism (A) is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Synergism (C) is a mutually beneficial relationship where both organisms benefit. Antagonism (D) is a relationship where both organisms are harmed or inhibited.
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Which of the following viruses has the name of the city where it was first discovered:
- A. Chikungunya virus
- B. Marburg virus
- C. Measles virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Marburg virus is named after the German city Marburg where it was first identified in 1967.
2. Chikungunya virus is named after a village in Tanzania.
3. Measles virus got its name from the Middle English word "maselen" meaning "many little spots".
4. Epstein-Barr virus is named after Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr, who discovered it.
Summary:
B is correct as it is directly named after the city of its discovery. A, C, and D are incorrect as they are named after other locations, characteristics, or discoverers.
What clinical specimen can be analysed in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections:
- A. Genital ulcer secretion
- B. Lymph node punctate
- C. Serum
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because all three options (A, B, and C) can be analyzed in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Genital ulcer secretions can reveal the presence of pathogens causing STIs, lymph node punctate can indicate systemic infection, and serum can be tested for specific STI antibodies. Therefore, all these clinical specimens are essential for a comprehensive diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect as they individually represent important specimens used in the diagnosis process.
Which bacteria are responsible for causing bacterial meningitis?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Haemophilus influenzae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Bacterial meningitis can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These bacteria are common pathogens associated with meningitis. Each of them can lead to serious infections in the brain and spinal cord. Neisseria meningitidis is known for causing meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of H. influenzae meningitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, since all three bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis, the correct answer is D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these bacteria individually can cause bacterial meningitis; it is not limited to just one specific type.
Member of a family ‘Reoviruses' that causes diarrhea in infants is called:
- A. Rotavirus
- B. Congovirus
- C. Hepadnavirus
- D. Picornavirus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rotavirus. Rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family known for causing diarrhea in infants. It infects the lining of the small intestine, leading to symptoms like vomiting and watery diarrhea.
Rationale:
1. Rotavirus is specifically known for causing diarrhea in infants.
2. Reoviruses are a family of viruses to which rotavirus belongs.
3. Congovirus (B), Hepadnavirus (C), and Picornavirus (D) do not belong to the Reoviridae family and are not associated with causing diarrhea in infants.
In summary, choice A is correct as it aligns with the characteristics of the given family of viruses and their associated symptoms, while choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not fit these criteria.
Compared to primary immune response the secondary immune response
- A. 1. Is quicker
- B. 2. Produces much more antibodies
- C. 3. Requires more antigen stimulations
- D. 4. Is slower
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the secondary immune response is quicker due to memory B and T cells being already present from the primary response. These memory cells can quickly recognize and respond to the antigen upon re-exposure, leading to a faster and more efficient immune response. Choices B and C are incorrect as the secondary response produces more antibodies and requires fewer antigen stimulations. Choice D is also incorrect as the secondary response is faster than the primary response.