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Which bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as leprosy?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Clostridium perfringens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium is responsible for causing leprosy. Mycobacterium leprae is a slow-growing bacterium that affects the skin and nerves, leading to the characteristic symptoms of leprosy. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted bacterium causing gonorrhea. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia and other respiratory infections. Clostridium perfringens is associated with food poisoning and gas gangrene. Therefore, the correct answer is A because Mycobacterium leprae specifically causes leprosy, while the other choices are associated with different diseases.
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While registering the child to the school Mantoux's test was made to define whether revaccination was needed test result is negative. What does this result of the test mean?
- A. Absence of antitoxic immunity to the tuberculosis
- B. Presence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- C. Absence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- D. Presence of cell immunity to the tuberculosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Mantoux test measures cell-mediated immunity response to tuberculosis.
Step 2: A negative result means no significant immune response to TB antigens.
Step 3: Option A is incorrect, as it refers to antitoxic immunity, not cell immunity.
Step 4: Option B is incorrect, as it mentions antibodies, not cell-mediated immunity.
Step 5: Option C is incorrect, as it states absence of antibodies, not cell immunity.
Step 6: Option D is correct as it directly correlates with the purpose of Mantoux test.
Which of the following viruses has the name of the city where it was first discovered:
- A. Chikungunya virus
- B. Marburg virus
- C. Measles virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Marburg virus is named after the German city Marburg where it was first identified in 1967.
2. Chikungunya virus is named after a village in Tanzania.
3. Measles virus got its name from the Middle English word "maselen" meaning "many little spots".
4. Epstein-Barr virus is named after Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr, who discovered it.
Summary:
B is correct as it is directly named after the city of its discovery. A, C, and D are incorrect as they are named after other locations, characteristics, or discoverers.
The following viruses are referred to the Filoviridae family
- A. Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses
- B. Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus
- C. Marburg virus and Ebola virus
- D. Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Marburg virus and Ebola virus belong to the Filoviridae family. These viruses are characterized by their filamentous shape and are known to cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Both viruses have caused outbreaks with high mortality rates.
Choice A (Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses) are not part of the Filoviridae family. They belong to the Arenaviridae family, which also includes viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers.
Choice B (Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus) are arboviruses belonging to the Togaviridae family, which are not related to the Filoviridae family.
Choice D (Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus) are part of the Nairoviridae and Hantaviridae families, respectively, and not the Filoviridae family.
During bacteriological examination of the purulent discharge obtained from a postoperative wound an inoculation on meat infusion agar has been performed. The inoculation has resulted in large colorless mucous colonies that in 24 hours with exposure to sunlight developed green-blue pigmentation and smell of honey or jasmine. Bacterioscopy revealed gram-negative lophotrichea. What bacterial culture is contained in purulent discharge?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Proteus vulgaris
- C. Klebsiella osaenae
- D. Streptomyces griseus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium known for its green-blue pigmentation and sweet, fruity odor. The large colorless mucous colonies that develop green-blue pigmentation and honey or jasmine smell point towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterioscopy revealing gram-negative lophotrichea further supports this identification. Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella osaenae do not typically exhibit the described characteristics. Streptomyces griseus is a soil bacterium known for its antibiotic production and is not commonly associated with wound infections.
Bacteriophages are:
- A. White blood cells that kill bacteria
- B. Bacteria that invade other bacteria
- C. Viruses that infect bacteria
- D. Bacteria that infect fungi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Firstly, bacteriophages are viruses, not white blood cells or bacteria. They specifically target and infect bacteria, not fungi. This is known as a bacteriophage cycle where the virus injects its genetic material into the bacterial cell to replicate and eventually lyse the cell. This process is specific to bacteria and distinguishes bacteriophages from other microorganisms. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it accurately describes the nature and function of bacteriophages.