Microbiology An Introduction Test Bank

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The patient has developed pain in the axillary area, rise of temperature developed 10 hours ago. On examination: shaky gait is marked, the tongue is coated by white coating. The pulse is frequent. The painful lymphatic nodules are determined in the axillary area. The skin is erythematous and glistering over the lymphatic nodules. What is the most probable diagnosis?

  • A. Bubonic plague
  • B. Acute purulent lymphadenitis
  • C. Lymphogranulomatosis
  • D. Tularemia
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is D: Tularemia. Tularemia is a bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis. The symptoms described align with tularemia, such as pain in axillary area, fever, shaky gait, coated tongue, frequent pulse, painful lymphatic nodules, and erythematous skin over nodules. The key features pointing towards tularemia are the presence of lymphadenitis in the axillary area and the erythematous, glistering skin over the nodules, which are characteristic of ulceroglandular tularemia. Bubonic plague (A) presents with painful, swollen lymph nodes called buboes but typically lacks the erythematous skin findings. Acute purulent lymphadenitis (B) usually presents with pus-filled lymph nodes but does not typically cause shaky gait or coated tongue. Lymphogranulomatosis (C) is a term for Hodgkin's lymphoma, which does not

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What is the primary function of bacterial capsules?

  • A. Protein synthesis
  • B. Aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis
  • C. Facilitate motility
  • D. Synthesize DNA
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of bacterial capsules is to aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis. Capsules help bacteria adhere to surfaces and evade immune system detection by preventing phagocytosis. This is important for bacterial survival and colonization in host organisms. Choice A, protein synthesis, is incorrect as capsules do not directly participate in this process. Choice C, facilitate motility, is incorrect as capsules are not involved in bacterial movement. Choice D, synthesize DNA, is incorrect as capsules do not have a role in DNA synthesis. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Which of the following bacteria is most commonly associated with nosocomial infections?

  • A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • B. Shigella sonnei
  • C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale:
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in hospital environments.
2. It is an opportunistic pathogen causing various nosocomial infections.
3. Its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics makes it a significant threat.
4. Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria, not common nosocomial infections.
5. Shigella sonnei causes foodborne illness, not typically nosocomial infections.
6. "None of the above" is incorrect as Pseudomonas is indeed commonly associated with nosocomial infections.

A persistent infection that is not lytic but productive is called a __________ infection.

  • A. chronic
  • B. latent
  • C. slow
  • D. transforming
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: chronic. A persistent infection that is not lytic but productive is characterized by ongoing viral replication without cell lysis. This type of infection is referred to as chronic, as it persists over an extended period. Latent infections involve periods of dormancy with intermittent reactivation. Slow infections typically have a prolonged incubation period before causing symptoms. Transforming infections lead to permanent alterations in host cell behavior. The key distinction for this question is the continuous viral replication without cell destruction, which aligns with the definition of a chronic infection.

The net gain of ATP molecules after the breakdown of one glucose molecule in glycolysis is

  • A. 1
  • B. 2
  • C. 3
  • D. 4
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (2). During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. In this process, a net gain of 2 ATP molecules is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation. Specifically, ATP is generated during the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and during the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. The other choices are incorrect because the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis is not 1, 3, or 4; it is 2 based on the specific enzymatic reactions involved in the pathway.

The patient 25 y.o. was admitted on the 1st day of the disease with complaints of double vision in the eyes, heavy breathing. The day before the patient ate homemade mushrooms. On objective examination: paleness, widened pupils, disorder of swallowing, bradycardia, constipation are marked. What is the diagnosis?

  • A. Botulism
  • B. Yersiniosis
  • C. Leptospirosis
  • D. Salmonellosis, gastrointestinal form
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Botulism. Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. In this case, the patient's symptoms align with botulism due to the ingestion of homemade mushrooms. The symptoms of double vision, heavy breathing, paleness, widened pupils, swallowing difficulties, bradycardia, and constipation are all classic signs of botulism poisoning. The toxin affects the nervous system and can lead to paralysis. The other choices (B: Yersiniosis, C: Leptospirosis, D: Salmonellosis) do not match the patient's symptoms and history of consuming mushrooms, making them incorrect.

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