Nokea
Micrographia, a publication illustrating insects, sponges, as well as plant cells, was published by
- A. Robert Hooke
- B. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
- C. Hans Janssen
- D. John Needham
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Robert Hooke. Hooke published Micrographia in 1665, showcasing detailed illustrations of insects, sponges, and plant cells under the microscope. Hooke's work was groundbreaking in advancing the field of microscopy. Van Leeuwenhoek is known for discovering microorganisms but did not publish Micrographia. Janssen and Needham were not associated with Micrographia. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
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The virulence factors of bacteria include:
- A. size, adhesion, resistance, and mutation
- B. colonization, invasion, toxins, and adhesion
- C. toxins, evasion of body defenses, motility, and size
- D. colonization, chemotaxis, fermentation, and toxins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B because virulence factors of bacteria are characteristics that enable them to cause disease. Colonization allows bacteria to establish and multiply in the host. Invasion refers to the ability to penetrate host tissues. Toxins are substances produced by bacteria that harm the host. Adhesion is crucial for bacteria to attach to host cells.
A: Size and mutation are not typical virulence factors. Resistance is not directly related to causing disease.
C: While toxins and evasion of body defenses are correct, motility and size are not universally considered virulence factors.
D: Chemotaxis and fermentation are not primary virulence factors, unlike colonization and toxins.
The Wasserman reaction is markedly positive (++++) in a 30-year-old man. What infectious disease is diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction?
- A. Brucellosis
- B. Syphilis
- C. Poliomyelitis
- D. Influenza
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Syphilis. The Wasserman reaction is a test for syphilis, specifically for detecting antibodies against the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In a 30-year-old man with a markedly positive Wasserman reaction, it indicates an active syphilis infection. Brucellosis (Choice A) is not diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction. Poliomyelitis (Choice C) is a viral infection affecting the spinal cord, not diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction. Influenza (Choice D) is a respiratory viral infection, not associated with the Wasserman reaction.
A fecal sample from a patient with diarrhea was cultured on Endo agar, resulting in colorless colonies. The bacteria were Gram-negative rods. What microorganism is most likely?
- A. Salmonella
- B. Shigella
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Shigella. On Endo agar, Shigella appears as colorless colonies due to its inability to ferment lactose. Shigella is a Gram-negative rod and is a common cause of diarrhea. Salmonella (A) and Escherichia coli (C) would typically produce pink colonies on Endo agar as they can ferment lactose. Proteus (D) is not commonly associated with diarrhea and would not be expected to grow on Endo agar.
Which of the following bacteria can produce endotoxins that cause septic shock?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all of the mentioned bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are gram-negative bacteria that produce endotoxins in their cell walls. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria are destroyed, leading to the activation of the immune system and potentially causing septic shock. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are common causes of gastrointestinal infections, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for causing infections in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, all three bacteria can produce endotoxins that contribute to septic shock. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these bacteria individually can produce endotoxins that lead to septic shock.
A 3 month old infant has got a white deposition on the mucous membrane of his mouth, tongue and lips. The doctor suspected candidosis. What nutrient medium should be used for inoculation of the material under examination in order to confirm this diagnosis?
- A. Sabouraud
- B. Endo
- C. Loewenstein-Jensen
- D. Roux
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sabouraud. Sabouraud agar is specifically designed for the cultivation of fungi and yeasts, making it ideal for identifying Candida species causing candidosis. It contains antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth, promoting the growth of fungi. Endo, Loewenstein-Jensen, and Roux are not suitable for fungal cultures and are used for different purposes like bacterial isolation or mycobacterial cultures. Sabouraud agar is the best choice for confirming candidosis due to its fungal-selective properties.