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Microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid revealed Gram-negative diplococci. The patient presented with fever, headache, and neck stiffness. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisseria meningitidis. This bacterium is a Gram-negative diplococcus commonly associated with meningitis. The patient's symptoms of fever, headache, and neck stiffness are classic signs of meningococcal meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis is known to cause outbreaks in crowded settings. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Choice B) is a common cause of bacterial meningitis but typically appears as Gram-positive cocci. Haemophilus influenzae (Choice C) can also cause meningitis but is more commonly seen in unvaccinated children. Klebsiella pneumoniae (Choice D) is a Gram-negative bacterium but is not a typical causative agent of meningitis.
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Infections of CNS can be caused by:
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Morbillivirus morbillorum
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three choices, Clostridium botulinum, Morbillivirus morbillorum, and Clostridium tetani, can cause infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Clostridium botulinum can lead to botulism, which affects the nervous system. Morbillivirus morbillorum can cause measles, which can lead to viral encephalitis. Clostridium tetani can cause tetanus, which affects the CNS by producing neurotoxins. Therefore, all three choices are pathogens that can cause infections of the CNS.
A 25-year-old woman is complaining of burning and painful urination. The microbiological analysis detects significant bacterial growth only on blood agar and it is without hemolysis. Gram-positive cocci are observed on microscopic slides. Which bacterium is the most probable cause?
- A. Proteus mirabilis
- B. Staphylococcus saprophytic
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is Staphylococcus saprophyticus (choice B). This bacterium is a common cause of urinary tract infections in young women. It typically grows on blood agar without hemolysis and appears as Gram-positive cocci under the microscope. Proteus mirabilis (choice A) is known for urease production, causing alkaline urine. Staphylococcus aureus (choice C) is a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections, not urinary tract infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (choice D) is an opportunistic pathogen often seen in nosocomial infections, not typically associated with urinary tract infections in healthy individuals.
Which IS NOT true about sexually transmitted infections?
- A. Some sexually transmitted infections are endemic for some regions
- B. They are a significant healthy, social and economic problem
- C. Only infections that are transmitted solely by sexual contact are included
- D. They are anthroponotic diseases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Define sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as infections primarily spread through sexual contact.
Step 2: Understand that STIs can also be transmitted through non-sexual means like blood transfusions.
Step 3: Recognize that choice C is incorrect as it limits STIs to only sexually transmitted infections.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is C as it does not encompass all possible modes of transmission for STIs.
Summary: Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they all accurately describe the characteristics of sexually transmitted infections, while choice C is incorrect as it excludes other potential modes of transmission for STIs.
What do bacterial ribosomes do?
- A. Synthesize proteins
- B. Synthesize DNA
- C. Degrade toxic substances
- D. Assist in cell division
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacterial ribosomes synthesize proteins. Ribosomes are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis by translating mRNA into amino acids. They are essential for the production of proteins needed for cell function. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because ribosomes do not synthesize DNA, degrade toxic substances, or assist in cell division. DNA synthesis is carried out by DNA polymerase, degradation of toxic substances is typically done by enzymes, and cell division is primarily regulated by the cell cycle machinery.
Which ones of the following symptoms are not typical of botulism:
- A. Dry mouth and difficulty in swallowing and speaking
- B. Blurred vision, diplopia
- C. Descending, flaccid paralysis
- D. Chills, fever up to 40°C and loss of consciousness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Botulism typically presents with symptoms such as dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, blurred vision, diplopia, and descending flaccid paralysis. Chills, fever, and loss of consciousness are not typical of botulism. Botulism is caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, which affects the nervous system leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, not fever or altered consciousness. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.