Nokea
Microscopic examination of pus sample taken from mandibular fistula canal and stained by Gram's method has revealed druses with gram-positive coloring in the center and cone-shaped structures with gram-negative coloring. Such morphology is characteristic of the agent of:
- A. Fusobacteriosis
- B. Actinomycosis
- C. Staphylococcal osteomyelitis
- D. Anaerobic infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Actinomycosis. Actinomyces is a gram-positive bacterium that forms sulfur granules (druses) with gram-positive coloring in the center and filamentous structures resembling cones with gram-negative coloring. This morphology is characteristic of Actinomyces species. Fusobacteriosis (choice A) typically presents with gram-negative rods. Staphylococcal osteomyelitis (choice C) is caused by gram-positive staphylococci, not Actinomyces. Anaerobic infections (choice D) can be caused by various bacteria, but the specific morphology described in the question matches Actinomyces, making choice B the correct answer.
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Psychrophiles are also referred to as:
- A. cryophiles
- B. thermophiles
- C. mesophiles
- D. psychrotrophs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cryophiles. Psychrophiles are microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures. The prefix "cryo-" means cold, which accurately describes the environment in which these organisms grow. Choice B, thermophiles, are organisms that thrive in high temperatures. Choice C, mesophiles, grow best at moderate temperatures. Choice D, psychrotrophs, are organisms that can grow at refrigeration temperatures but have an optimal growth temperature range different from psychrophiles.
According to their optimal growth temperatures, microorganisms are divided into:
- A. Thermophilic and thermophobic
- B. Psychophilic and psychophobic
- C. Psychophilic, mesophilic, thermophilic
- D. Thermophilic, thermophobic, mesophobic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Psychrophilic: Grow best in cold temperatures
2. Mesophilic: Grow best in moderate temperatures
3. Thermophilic: Grow best in high temperatures
- Choice A is incorrect as "thermophobic" is not a recognized term.
- Choice B is incorrect as "psychophobic" is not a recognized term.
- Choice D is incorrect as "mesophobic" is not a recognized term.
The patient 25 y.o. was admitted on the 1st day of the disease with complaints of double vision in the eyes, heavy breathing. The day before the patient ate homemade mushrooms. On objective examination: paleness, widened pupils, disorder of swallowing, bradycardia, constipation are marked. What is the diagnosis?
- A. Botulism
- B. Yersiniosis
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Salmonellosis, gastrointestinal form
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Botulism. Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. In this case, the patient's symptoms align with botulism due to the ingestion of homemade mushrooms. The symptoms of double vision, heavy breathing, paleness, widened pupils, swallowing difficulties, bradycardia, and constipation are all classic signs of botulism poisoning. The toxin affects the nervous system and can lead to paralysis. The other choices (B: Yersiniosis, C: Leptospirosis, D: Salmonellosis) do not match the patient's symptoms and history of consuming mushrooms, making them incorrect.
For filoviruses is true that:
- A. They are the most common cause of gastroenteritis
- B. They can be investigated in specifically equipped laboratories with a high level of biological protection
- C. They are widespread
- D. Mass immunization for specific prophylaxis is used in some countries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because filoviruses, such as Ebola virus, require investigation in specifically equipped laboratories with high biological protection due to their high pathogenicity and risk of transmission. This is essential for ensuring the safety of researchers and preventing outbreaks.
A: This is incorrect as filoviruses are not the most common cause of gastroenteritis; they primarily cause severe hemorrhagic fevers.
C: Filoviruses are not widespread; they are typically confined to specific regions during outbreaks.
D: Mass immunization is not used for filoviruses as there is no established vaccine for general prophylaxis.
Which bacteria is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses caused by contaminated water?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses caused by contaminated water due to its ability to survive and multiply in water sources. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, a severe gastrointestinal infection transmitted through contaminated food and water. Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are not typically associated with foodborne illnesses caused by contaminated water. Clostridium difficile causes gastrointestinal infections linked to antibiotic use, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis through respiratory transmission, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes sexually transmitted infections.