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Microscopy of a smear from a patient with foul-smelling diarrhea revealed large ciliated protozoa with a kidney-shaped macronucleus. What is the diagnosis?
- A. Balantidiasis
- B. Giardiasis
- C. Amoebiasis
- D. Trichomoniasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct diagnosis is A: Balantidiasis. The presence of large ciliated protozoa with a kidney-shaped macronucleus is characteristic of Balantidium coli, the causative agent of balantidiasis. The ciliated trophozoites of Balantidium coli are unique compared to the other choices. Giardiasis is caused by Giardia lamblia, which has flagella and not cilia. Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which lacks cilia. Trichomoniasis is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, which also lacks cilia. Therefore, based on the specific morphology described, the correct diagnosis is Balantidiasis.
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During sanitary and bacteriological examination of air in a drugstore it was revealed that the air had high concentration of sanitary meaningful microorganisms. What microorganisms are these?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus
- B. Diphtheritic and tuberculous bacilli
- C. Colibacilli and blue pus bacilli
- D. Epidermal staphylococcus and Sarcina
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus. These microorganisms are commonly found in high concentrations during sanitary and bacteriological examination of air in a drugstore due to their prevalence in the environment. Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus are known to be significant pathogens that can cause various infections in humans.
Rationale:
1. Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus are common pathogens found in the environment and can easily contaminate air in enclosed spaces like a drugstore.
2. Both microorganisms are considered to be of sanitary significance as they can cause infections and are indicators of poor hygiene and sanitation.
3. Diphtheritic and tuberculous bacilli (Choice B) are not typically associated with air contamination in a drugstore setting.
4. Colibacilli and blue pus bacilli (Choice C) are more commonly found in fecal
Viruses are characterised by:
- A. They have only one type of nucleic acid
- B. Their extracellular form is referred as “viroidâ€
- C. They are optional intracellular parasites
- D. Their size is measured in micrometers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Viruses can have either DNA or RNA, not both, hence they have only one type of nucleic acid.
Step 2: The extracellular form of viruses is called virion, not viroid.
Step 3: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they rely on host cells for replication.
Step 4: Viruses are measured in nanometers, not micrometers.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
The correct descending order of taxonomic categories is
- A. species, domain, phylum, kingdom, order, division, class, genus
- B. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, order, genus, species
- C. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- D. kingdom, domain, phylum, order, class, family, genus, species
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct descending order of taxonomic categories is domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. This hierarchical classification system helps organize and categorize living organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
Explanation:
- Domain is the broadest category, representing the highest level of classification.
- Kingdom further divides organisms into major groups based on similar characteristics.
- Phylum, class, order, family, and genus successively narrow down the classification based on more specific shared characteristics.
- Species is the most specific category, representing individual organisms capable of interbreeding.
Summary of other choices:
A: Incorrect as it has the incorrect order of phylum, kingdom, and division.
B: Incorrect as it has the incorrect order of family and species.
D: Incorrect as it has the incorrect order of domain, kingdom, and class.
For prevention of tuberculosis is used
- A. specific anti-tuberculosis serum
- B. BCG
- C. DTP
- D. PPD
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: BCG. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used for the prevention of tuberculosis. BCG is a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that helps the immune system recognize and fight off tuberculosis bacteria. Specific anti-tuberculosis serum (A) is not used for prevention but for treatment. DTP (C) stands for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine, not specific for tuberculosis prevention. PPD (D) is a tuberculin skin test used for diagnosis, not prevention. Thus, BCG is the correct choice for tuberculosis prevention.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about influenza viruses?
- A. they are spherical viruses coated with a lipoprotein coat
- B. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of flu viruses are antigenically variable
- C. the susceptibility of the population to influenza viruses is high
- D. there is no specific prophylaxis available
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because there is specific prophylaxis available for influenza, such as the flu vaccine. Choice A is incorrect as influenza viruses are not spherical, they are typically pleomorphic. Choice B is incorrect because hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are indeed antigenically variable, contributing to the need for annual flu vaccines. Choice C is incorrect as the susceptibility of the population to influenza viruses can vary depending on factors such as immunity and vaccination status.