Nokea
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to:
- A. Block the proliferation of cancer cells
- B. Target cancer cells for destruction
- C. Inhibit inflammatory immune responses
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because monoclonal antibodies have the ability to block the proliferation of cancer cells by targeting specific antigens on the cancer cells. They can also target cancer cells for destruction through various mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can inhibit inflammatory immune responses by neutralizing pro-inflammatory mediators or blocking immune cell activation pathways. Therefore, all the options A, B, and C are correct, making D the correct answer.
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A nurse is taking care of a client with cancer and is teaching about the types of drugs that promote the natural production of blood cells in people whose own hematopoietic functions have become compromised. What class of drugs are these?
- A. Tumor necrosis factors
- B. Colony-stimulating factors
- C. Interferons
- D. Interleukins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of blood cells which is crucial for clients with compromised hematopoietic function such as those undergoing chemotherapy.
Which of the following is not an outcome of phagocytosis in macrophages
- A. Respiratory burst
- B. Nitric oxide production
- C. Antigen presentation
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Complement activation. Phagocytosis by macrophages involves engulfing and digesting pathogens. Complement activation occurs through a separate pathway involving a series of proteins that enhance the immune response. Phagocytosis does not directly lead to complement activation. Choices A, B, and C are outcomes of phagocytosis in macrophages: Respiratory burst involves production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production helps destroy pathogens, and antigen presentation is important for activating other immune cells.
The activation of naïve T cells takes place in:
- A. Germinal centers
- B. Primary lymphoid tissues
- C. Secondary lymphoid tissues
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secondary lymphoid tissues. Naïve T cells are activated in secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen. These tissues are where T cells encounter antigen-presenting cells, receive co-stimulatory signals, and undergo clonal expansion to differentiate into effector T cells. Germinal centers are primarily for B cell responses. Primary lymphoid tissues (bone marrow and thymus) are where T cells mature but not where activation occurs. Choice D is incorrect as naïve T cell activation does occur in secondary lymphoid tissues.
The annotation C refers to which DNA component?
- A. Vector DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Chromosomal DNA
- D. Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chromosomal DNA. Chromosomal DNA refers to the DNA found in the chromosomes of an organism's nucleus, carrying the majority of its genetic information. In molecular biology, the annotation C typically refers to the chromosomal DNA of the organism being studied. Plasmid DNA (choice B) and vector DNA (choice A) are extrachromosomal DNA elements that are separate from the chromosomal DNA. Recombinant DNA (choice D) is a DNA molecule formed by combining DNA from different sources, which can include chromosomal, plasmid, or vector DNA. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it specifically refers to the chromosomal DNA component.
Macrophages differentiate
- A. From blood neutrophils
- B. In tissues
- C. From the common lymphoid progenitor
- D. In the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Macrophages differentiate in tissues because they originate from monocytes which leave the bloodstream and mature into macrophages in various tissues. This process is essential for their diverse functions in immune response and tissue maintenance. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because macrophages do not differentiate from blood neutrophils, the common lymphoid progenitor, or in the bone marrow.