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Mr. Weber, an insulin-dependent diabetic, states that in the afternoon he has occasional severe reactions during which he becomes unconscious. In planning his care, which of the following nursing actions is most appropriate?
- A. Placing a tube of commercially prepared glucose paste at his bedside
- B. Administering regular insulin
- C. Checking his level of consciousness every hour
- D. Keeping a supply of orange juice in the refrigerator
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: For a patient with severe hypoglycemic reactions, it's essential to have a quick source of glucose on hand, like glucose paste, to treat unconsciousness from low blood sugar.
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Steroid hormones:
- A. require a second messenger.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. This is supported by the understanding of endocrine gland functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not require a second messenger, are not secreted by the posterior pituitary, and are not secreted by the pancreas. Understanding the specific glands and their hormone production is crucial in selecting the correct answer.
Your patient is diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, and she is given a prescription for pyridostigmine. Which of the following best summarizes the drug’s mechanism of action?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors, so that acetylcholine preferentially stimulates skeletal muscle
- B. Inhibits reuptake of acetylcholine by motor nerves
- C. Inhibits skeletal muscle activation at rest so that the muscles are less susceptible to fatigue during exercise
- D. Inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby improving activation of skeletal muscle by acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby improving activation of skeletal muscle by acetylcholine."
Rationale:
1. Pyridostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine.
2. In myasthenia gravis, there is a decrease in acetylcholine receptor sites, leading to muscle weakness.
3. By inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, pyridostigmine increases the availability of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, improving muscle activation.
4. This mechanism helps alleviate muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis patients.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Pyridostigmine does not block muscarinic receptors or change the preference of acetylcholine stimulation.
B: Incorrect. Pyridostigmine does not inhibit reuptake of acetylcholine; it acts by inhibiting its breakdown
Which change in vital signs would you instruct a nursing assistant to report immediately for a patient with hyperthyroidism?
- A. Increased and rapid heart rate
- B. Decreased systolic blood pressure
- C. Increased respiratory rate
- D. Decreased oral temperature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased and rapid heart rate is a critical sign of hyperthyroidism and requires immediate reporting, as it could indicate an exacerbation of the condition or potential complications.
Through which opening does the food leave the stomach?
- A. The pyloric sphincter
- B. The ilea caecal valve
- C. The pelvic sphincter
- D. The pylorus sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The pyloric sphincter. This is because the pyloric sphincter is the muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine. It regulates the release of food from the stomach into the duodenum for further digestion and absorption.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The ilea caecal valve - This valve is located between the ileum (part of the small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine), not the stomach.
C: The pelvic sphincter - This sphincter is associated with the rectum and anus, not the stomach.
D: The pylorus sphincter - Similar to the correct answer, but the correct term is pyloric sphincter.
Difference Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands is That
- A. Endocrine glands release hormones while exocrine glands release waste
- B. Endocrine glands are interconnected but exocrine glands are totally independent from each other.
- C. Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, exocrine glands are connective tissues primarily
- D. Endocrine glands are ductless, exocrine glands release secretions into ducts or at the surface of the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts or onto the surface of the body. This key difference in how they release their products is essential in distinguishing between endocrine and exocrine glands.
A: Endocrine glands release hormones, not waste products.
B: The interconnection of glands is not a defining characteristic to differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
C: Endocrine glands are not exclusively formed by epithelial tissue, and exocrine glands are not solely connective tissues.