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Mrs. Klein, aged 35 years, has just been diagnosed as diabetic. She is being put on a 1200 calorie diabetic diet with 50% of the calories to be from carbohydrates, 20% from protein, and 30% from fat. In instructing her about her diet, which of the following would be the best breakfast to suggest?
- A. Three waffles with butter, dietetic syrup, coffee
- B. One boiled egg, corn flakes with one glass milk, coffee, glass of orange juice
- C. A cheese omelet (4 oz cheddar, three eggs), one slice toast, one glass milk
- D. Two buttered English muffins, glass of grapefruit juice, coffee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A cheese omelet with protein and appropriate carbohydrate content fits the macronutrient distribution for a diabetic diet.
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What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?
- A. High blood pressure
- B. Low level of potassium in the blood
- C. Low blood volume and hypotension
- D. Goiter formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance in the body.
2. Deficiency leads to decreased sodium reabsorption, causing low blood volume.
3. Low blood volume results in hypotension due to reduced blood flow to tissues.
4. Choices A and B are incorrect as aldosterone deficiency does not cause high blood pressure or low potassium levels.
5. Choice D is incorrect as goiter formation is mainly related to thyroid hormone imbalance, not aldosterone deficiency.
The endocrine gland(s) referred to as the 'master gland' is the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It is located at the base of the brain and is divided into two parts: anterior and posterior. The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones that influence other endocrine glands. The other choices (A: pancreas, B: adrenal glands, C: thyroid gland) do not have the same broad regulatory control over the endocrine system as the pituitary gland.
A deficiency of insulin causes:
- A. hypocalcemia.
- B. hyperglycemia.
- C. Cushing syndrome.
- D. adrenal shock.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hyperglycemia. Insulin deficiency leads to an inability to regulate blood sugar levels, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells for energy utilization, leading to hyperglycemia. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Hypocalcemia is low calcium levels, not caused by insulin deficiency. C: Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, not related to insulin deficiency. D: Adrenal shock is a life-threatening condition due to insufficient adrenal gland function, not directly caused by insulin deficiency.
Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
- A. Androgens
- B. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Norepinephrine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Androgens. Androgens, such as testosterone, are responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth. Follicle-stimulating hormone (B) is involved in sperm production, not male secondary sexual characteristics. Epinephrine (C) and norepinephrine (D) are stress hormones and not related to the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
A calorie is:
- A. standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1° from 15-16°C
- B. standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of mercury 1° from 17-18°C
- C. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 17-18°C
- D. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C. This is because a calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. This definition aligns perfectly with choice D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they involve raising the temperature of different substances (1L of water, 1gm of mercury, and 1gm of water) by 1 degree Celsius over different temperature ranges (15-16°C, 17-18°C), which do not match the standard definition of a calorie.