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Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?
- A. Catecholamines
- B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- C. Fight-or-flight response
- D. Sugar, salt, and sex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adrenal medulla is primarily involved in the production of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are associated with the fight-or-flight response. This response is triggered by stress and prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow. On the other hand, the regulation of sugar, salt, and sex hormones is mainly controlled by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Therefore, while choices A, B, and C are directly related to the adrenal medulla's function, choice D is least associated with it.
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Complete the following sentence: Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the…
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Pancreas
- D. Posterior pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and then transported to the posterior pituitary gland for secretion into the bloodstream. ADH plays a key role in regulating water balance by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are not the primary sites of ADH production and secretion. The adrenal cortex produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, the thyroid gland produces hormones like thyroxine, and the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon.
Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease are:
- A. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction.
- B. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypersecretion.
- C. treated with replacement doses of cortisol (i.e., prednisone).
- D. disorders of the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Cushing syndrome and Addison's disease are disorders of the adrenal cortex. Cushing syndrome involves excessive cortisol production, while Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol production. Both conditions directly affect the adrenal cortex, leading to hormonal imbalances.
Choice A is incorrect because Cushing syndrome involves hyperfunction, not hypofunction. Choice B is incorrect as it states hypersecretion, which is true for Cushing syndrome but not for Addison's disease. Choice C is incorrect because while replacement cortisol therapy is used for Addison's disease, it is not the only treatment option, and it does not apply to Cushing syndrome.
Which of the following is NOT true of aldosterone?
- A. Targets kidney tubules to absorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium.
- B. It is a mineralocorticoid.
- C. Causes a decrease in urine volume.
- D. It causes a decrease in blood pressure.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because aldosterone actually causes an increase in blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys. This leads to an expansion of blood volume and subsequently an increase in blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because aldosterone does indeed target kidney tubules to absorb sodium and water, it is a mineralocorticoid hormone, and it causes a decrease in urine volume due to its role in water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells:
- A. plasma membrane permeability changes
- B. cellular mutations occur
- C. enzymes are activated or inactivated
- D. mitosis is stimulated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cellular mutations occur. Hormone binding typically triggers signaling cascades that lead to cellular responses like changing plasma membrane permeability, activating/inactivating enzymes, or stimulating mitosis. Cellular mutations are not a direct result of hormone binding and are typically caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals. In this context, mutations do not happen as an immediate response to hormone binding. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Plasma membrane permeability changes, enzyme activation/inactivation, and mitosis stimulation are all typical outcomes of hormone binding and subsequent signaling pathways.
Which gland is responsible for the production of adrenaline?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Gonadal
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal. The adrenal gland is responsible for producing adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, which is a hormone released in response to stress or danger. Adrenaline helps the body prepare for fight or flight responses by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and boosting energy. The other choices, Parathyroid, Gonadal, and Pancreas, are not responsible for producing adrenaline. Parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels, gonadal glands produce sex hormones, and the pancreas produces insulin and digestive enzymes. Therefore, the adrenal gland is the correct answer for the production of adrenaline.