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NAD and FAD are hydrogen carriers, but cytochromes are electron carriers in bacteria. What happens to the protons (Hâº) in electron transport chains?
- A. They go into solution inside the cytoplasm.
- B. They are taken back by NAD and FAD.
- C. They are carried from cytochromes to oxygen to form water.
- D. They go into solution outside the cytoplasmic membrane.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in the electron transport chain, protons (H⁺) are pumped across the membrane to create a proton gradient. This gradient is utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Therefore, protons go into solution outside the cytoplasmic membrane. Choices A and B are incorrect because protons do not simply stay in the cytoplasm or get taken back by NAD and FAD. Choice C is incorrect as protons do not directly form water when carried by cytochromes.
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Treatment with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and a protease inhibitor (PI) is prescribed for a patient with HIV infection who has a CD4+ T-cell count of <400/µL. The patient asks why so many drugs are necessary for treatment. What should the nurse explain as the primary rationale for combination therapy?
- A. Cross-resistance between specific antiretroviral drugs is reduced when drugs are given in combination.
- B. Combinations of antiretroviral drugs decrease the potential for development of antiretroviral-resistant HIV variants.
- C. Side effects of the drugs are reduced when smaller doses of three different drugs are used rather than large doses of one drug.
- D. When CD4+ T-cell counts are <500/µL, a combination of drugs that have different actions is more effective in slowing HIV growth.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Combination therapy minimizes the chance of developing resistant HIV strains by targeting the virus at multiple points in its lifecycle.
What is the primary advantage of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
- A. They are highly specific to individual pathogens
- B. They recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes
- C. They activate B cell antibody production
- D. They require antigen presentation to function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes, allowing for rapid detection of a wide range of pathogens. This recognition triggers immune responses without the need for prior exposure to the specific pathogen. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: TLRs are not highly specific to individual pathogens but rather recognize common patterns.
C: TLRs do not directly activate B cell antibody production; they initiate immune responses by activating various immune cells.
D: TLRs do not require antigen presentation to function; they directly recognize microbial patterns.
Which vitamin is essential in treating osteoporosis?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin D
- C. Vitamin B12
- D. Vitamin C
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential in treating osteoporosis because it helps the body absorb calcium, a crucial mineral for bone health. Without sufficient Vitamin D, the body cannot effectively utilize calcium, leading to weakened bones. Vitamin A (Choice A) is not directly linked to osteoporosis treatment. Vitamin B12 (Choice C) is important for red blood cell production but not specifically for osteoporosis. Vitamin C (Choice D) aids in collagen formation but does not play a primary role in treating osteoporosis.
A good vaccine will:
- A. Be highly pathogenic
- B. Be highly immunogenic
- C. Induce herd immunity in a vaccinated individual
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Be highly immunogenic. A good vaccine should effectively stimulate the immune system to produce a strong immune response against the targeted pathogen while being safe for the individual. This is crucial for developing immunity without causing harm.
Choice A (Be highly pathogenic) is incorrect because a vaccine should not cause disease or harm to the individual receiving it. Choice C (Induce herd immunity in a vaccinated individual) is also incorrect as herd immunity refers to protection of a population, not an individual.
In summary, a good vaccine should be highly immunogenic to effectively trigger an immune response without causing harm, leading to protection against the targeted pathogen.
Which patient would be most likely to be cured with chemotherapy as a treatment measure?
- A. Small cell lung cancer
- B. New neuroblastoma
- C. Small tumor of the bone
- D. Large hepatocellular carcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neuroblastoma, especially in newly diagnosed cases, is highly responsive to chemotherapy and has a higher likelihood of cure.