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Name the four major classes of pesticides.
- A. Organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids.
- B. Antibiotics, antifungals, herbicides, rodenticides.
- C. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, acaricides.
- D. Biological agents, synthetic agents, natural agents, chemical agents.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The four major classes of pesticides are organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids.
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Why does the line for domestic animals diverge from that of wild animals?
- A. Domestic animals received more vaccinations.
- B. Wild animals are less exposed to humans.
- C. Climate change affected wild animals.
- D. Urbanization reduced domestic animal exposure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vaccination campaigns targeted domestic animals, reducing their rabies incidence compared to wild animals.
To what extent does epidemiology rely on medical disciplines for its content, and to what extent does it draw upon other disciplines?
- A. It relies entirely on medical disciplines.
- B. It relies entirely on non-medical disciplines.
- C. It integrates medical disciplines with social sciences and biostatistics.
- D. It does not rely on any specific discipline.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Epidemiology is interdisciplinary, combining knowledge from microbiology, biostatistics, social sciences, and clinical medicine.
Vaccine that should be kept in freezer are
- A. Polio, DPT, measles
- B. Polio measles BCG
- C. BCG DPT measles
- D. BCG DPT and polio
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Polio vaccines must be stored frozen to maintain their efficacy; other vaccines like DPT and measles require refrigeration but not freezing.
In epidemiology, the measure of central location generally preferred for summarizing skewed data such as incubation periods is the:
- A. Mean
- B. Median
- C. Midrange
- D. Mode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The median is less affected by outliers and skewed data.
You are planning a case-control study of lung cancer to test the hypothesis that vegetable consumption is protective against lung cancer. Would you match on smoking? Explain your answer.
- A. Yes, because smoking is a known confounder for lung cancer.
- B. No, because matching on smoking will introduce overmatching.
- C. Yes, because smoking correlates with vegetable consumption.
- D. No, because smoking is unrelated to vegetable consumption.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking is a strong confounder for lung cancer, and matching on smoking helps ensure comparability between cases and controls, preventing spurious associations.