Nokea
NASH contributes to the risk of cardiovascular disease via which mechanism in the liver?
- A. Reduced production of VLDL
- B. Reduced production of glucose
- C. Increased production of CRP
- D. Increased production of HDL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: NASH ups heart risk CRP, inflammation's flag, flares from liver, not VLDL drop, glucose dip, or HDL boost. Nurses spot this, a chronic CV spark.
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Certain drug classes may cause harm in patients with symptomatic (NYHA classes II-IV) reduced ejection Heart failure (HFrEF), and thus should be avoided. If they are strongly indicated, they are to be used with caution, and with close monitoring. Such drugs include all of the following except:
- A. Thiazolidinediones (glitazones, e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone)
- B. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COX-2 inhibitors
- C. Nutritional supplements (e.g., coenzyme Q10, carnitine, taurine, and antioxidants)
- D. Non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HFrEF hates fluid and strain glitazones swell, NSAIDs tank kidneys, verapamil/diltiazem slow too much, trastuzumab trashes hearts. Supplements like CoQ10? Neutral or helpful, not harmful, a safe outlier. Clinicians dodge the rest, easing chronic pump woes, not this add-on.
A nurse is caring for a 65-year-old male who recently underwent an aortic valve replacement. Which of the following is a post-operative nursing care priority?
- A. Temperature monitoring
- B. Assess for bleeding
- C. Advance diet as tolerated
- D. Dressing change
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Valve replacement bleeds assessing for hemorrhage at surgical sites or anticoagulation tops post-op care, a life-or-death watch per ABCs. Fever, diet, dressings matter, but bleeding's immediate. Nurses hunt oozing or shock, ensuring stability, a priority in this fresh-cut cardiac zone.
On a population level, differences can be observed between the body composition of people with and people without a disturbed glucose tolerance. Question: Which of the following options describes the body composition of overweight people with a disturbed glucose tolerance compared to that of healthy people without overweight?
- A. More adipose tissue and similar muscle mass
- B. More adipose tissue and less muscle mass
- C. More adipose tissue and more muscle mass
- D. More adipose tissue and less muscle mass, including a change in the ratio of different types of muscle fibres
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucose tolerance tanks overweight pile fat, lose muscle, not same or more, no fibre shift specifics. Nurses see this, a chronic lean loss.
Which of the following is NOT an early warning symptom of hypoglycaemia?
- A. Tremors
- B. Palpitations
- C. Diaphoresis
- D. Giddiness, drowsiness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypo's early buzz tremors, palpitations, sweat, anxiety screams adrenaline, waking patients to act. Giddiness and drowsiness lag, hitting as brain sugar drops, a later neuroglycopenic fade, not the first alarm. Clinicians teach this split, pushing quick carbs at the front signs, a chronic drill to dodge the haze.
During general anaesthesia for orthognathic surgery:
- A. A head-down supine position is popular to minimize the risk of airway soiling.
- B. Lidocaine with adrenaline 1:80000 is used for infiltration.
- C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are avoided even after haemostasis is achieved.
- D. Blocks of both mandibular and maxillary nerves are possible and useful.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Anaesthesia for orthognathic surgery balances airway and bleeding risks. Head-up positioning, not head-down, reduces venous congestion and airway soiling from blood head-down risks aspiration. Lidocaine with adrenaline (typically 1:80,000-1:200,000) minimizes bleeding via vasoconstriction, a standard infiltration. NSAIDs are used post-haemostasis for analgesia, not universally avoided, unless bleeding risk persists. Mandibular and maxillary nerve blocks (e.g., V2, V3) reduce opioid needs and enhance pain control, leveraging regional anaesthesia's precision in jaw surgery. Propofol TIVA may improve recovery versus volatiles, per studies, but isn't definitive. Nerve blocks' utility optimizes perioperative pain management, critical in extensive osteotomies.