Nokea
Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had __________.
- A. taught women to fear the birth experience
- B. helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor
- C. taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth
- D. helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had taught women to fear the birth experience. They believed that this fear contributed to increased pain during labor and advocated for methods to reduce fear and promote relaxation during childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as the focus is on fear, not on techniques to lessen pain. Choice C is incorrect as the experts did not advocate against medical intervention but rather against unnecessary fear. Choice D is incorrect as the experts aimed to change attitudes towards childbirth, not redirect focus to child rearing.
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Piaget's critics point out that __________.
- A. he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children
- B. his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences
- C. discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development
- D. children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Piaget's critics point out that his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences. Critics argue that Piaget's theory does not fully consider the impact of social interactions, cultural differences, and individual experiences on children's cognitive development. They believe that these factors play a crucial role in shaping a child's thinking and problem-solving abilities, which should be given more emphasis. Choice A is incorrect because Piaget's critics do not focus on him overestimating the competencies of infants and young children. Choice C is incorrect as it discusses a different aspect of learning rather than the critique of Piaget's theory. Choice D is also incorrect since critics do not argue that children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training.
In the eighth month of pregnancy, what typically happens?
- A. fetal growth doubles
- B. neuron production increases
- C. the eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form
- D. lanugo typically is shed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the eighth month of pregnancy, lanugo typically is shed. Lanugo is the fine, downy hair that covers a fetus's body to help regulate body temperature while in the womb. By the eighth month, many fetuses shed this hair as they prepare for birth. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because fetal growth doubling, neuron production increasing, and the formation of eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck occur in earlier stages of pregnancy, not specifically in the eighth month.
When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, __________.
- A. implantation occurs
- B. pregnancy does not occur
- C. it stops growing
- D. the cells of the zygote first duplicate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, this process is known as implantation. Implantation is a crucial step in the early stages of pregnancy where the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall in order to receive nourishment and continue developing. Choice B is incorrect because implantation is a necessary step for pregnancy to occur. Choice C is incorrect as implantation marks the beginning of further growth and development. Choice D is incorrect as the duplication of cells occurs during earlier stages of development, not during implantation.
When children are research participants, __________.
- A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
- B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
- C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
- D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.
Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.
- A. facial abnormalities and heart defects
- B. defects of the genitals and urinary tract
- C. low birth weight and brain damage
- D. a variety of childhood cancers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to low birth weight and brain damage. Lead exposure during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the developing fetus, leading to complications such as decreased birth weight and potential long-term brain damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with the known effects of prenatal lead exposure. While lead exposure can indeed cause a variety of health issues, such as heart defects and urinary tract problems, the primary concerns related to prenatal exposure are low birth weight and brain damage.