Nokea
_____ neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine:
- A. saliva
- B. gastric mucus
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate ions, secreted by the pancreas, neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach, creating a more suitable environment for digestive enzymes. Saliva (choice A) helps in the initial breakdown of food in the mouth, not in neutralizing stomach acid. Gastric mucus (choice B) protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment but does not neutralize the acid in the small intestine. Enzymes (choice D) facilitate chemical reactions in digestion but do not neutralize stomach acid.
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Cyanocobalamin is a form of which vitamin?
- A. Vitamin B1
- B. Vitamin B2
- C. Vitamin B3
- D. Vitamin B12
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
What is the function of villi and microvilli in the GI tract?
- A. produce bile
- B. kill bacteria
- C. produce vitamin K
- D. increase the surface area for absorption
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Villi and microvilli in the GI tract serve to increase the surface area of the small intestine, aiding in the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as villi and microvilli are primarily involved in enhancing absorption, not in producing bile, killing bacteria, or producing vitamin K.
Which of the following suggestions is the healthiest for Miguel, who is always hungry and never seems to feel full despite eating enough calories?
- A. Switch out energy-dense foods with more nutrient-dense foods that are more likely to make him feel full
- B. Drink adequate amounts of water
- C. A, B
- D. Eat foods with more fat, as fat slows gastric emptying and will make him feel more full
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is A and B. Switching to more nutrient-dense foods can help Miguel feel full despite eating enough calories. Nutrient-dense foods provide essential nutrients and are more satisfying. Drinking adequate water is also crucial for overall health and can help with feelings of fullness. Choice D is incorrect because while fat can contribute to satiety, it should be consumed in balance with other nutrients. Consuming foods with high fat content excessively may lead to other health issues and does not address the underlying problem of feeling constantly hungry despite eating.
Sickle cell disease is an example of an inherited mistake in the amino acid sequence.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The statement is TRUE. Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to an abnormal amino acid sequence. This results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. This inherited condition is a classic example of a genetic error affecting the amino acid sequence, making choice A the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the nature of sickle cell disease.
Which is NOT a prudent recommendation for a menopausal patient?
- A. Supplement calcium and vitamin D slightly beyond upper intake level
- B. Encourage lean protein and regular exercise
- C. Avoid alcohol if xerostomia is present
- D. Consumption of 90 mg daily of isoflavones in soy products helps to increase bone mass
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.