Nokea
NOD2
- A. Is a cytosolic receptor for bacteria
- B. Is mutated in 30% of patients with Crohn's disease
- C. Activates NFκB
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. NOD2 is a cytosolic receptor for bacteria, detecting bacterial molecules.
2. Mutations in NOD2 are found in 30% of patients with Crohn's disease.
3. NOD2 activation triggers NFκB signaling pathway.
4. Therefore, all the statements (A, B, C) are correct, making option D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all the correct statements about NOD2.
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The best treatment for mononucleosis is:
- A. Antibiotics.
- B. Physical therapy.
- C. NSAIDs.
- D. Rest and fluids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mononucleosis is caused by a viral infection, so antibiotics are ineffective. Rest and fluids are the most effective treatments as they support the body's immune response and help manage symptoms like fatigue and dehydration.
A 28-year-old male Gulf War veteran tells the nurse he gets a headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, and nausea when his girlfriend wears perfume and when he was painting her apartment. He is afraid he has cancer. What does the nurse suspect may be the patient’s problem?
- A. He has posttraumatic stress disorder.
- B. He has multiple chemical sensitivities.
- C. He needs to wear a mask when he paints.
- D. He is looking for an excuse to break up with his girlfriend.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Multiple chemical sensitivities could explain the patient's symptoms triggered by exposure to various chemicals.
What are characteristics of the phosphate buffer system (select all that apply)?
- A. Neutralizes a strong base to a weak base and water
- B. Resultant sodium biphosphate is eliminated by kidneys
- C. Free acid radicals dissociate into H+ and CO2,buffering excess base
- D. Neutralizes a strong acid to yield sodium biphosphate,a weak acid and salt
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phosphate buffers neutralize strong bases/acid, form sodium biphosphate, and eliminate it through the kidneys.
All of the following are true EXCEPT
- A. An epitope is a small portion of a macromolecule
- B. the variable region domains contain the antigen recognition site
- C. an antigenic determinant is a paratope
- D. The class of an immunoglobulin is determined by its heavy chain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an antigenic determinant is not a paratope, but an epitope. Epitope is a small portion of a macromolecule that is recognized by antibodies. Variable region domains of antibodies contain the antigen recognition site. The class of an immunoglobulin is indeed determined by its heavy chain. Therefore, C is the only statement that is not true.
The 'major histocompatibility complex' (MHC) proteins involved in antigen presentation to T cells were first noted during studies of:
- A. Innate immunity
- B. Allergy
- C. Transplantation
- D. Autoimmunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Transplantation. MHC proteins play a crucial role in transplant rejection by presenting antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response against foreign tissues. This discovery was significant in understanding transplant immunology. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because innate immunity involves nonspecific defense mechanisms, allergies are mediated by IgE antibodies, and autoimmunity involves the immune system attacking self-antigens, none of which directly relate to the discovery of MHC proteins in transplantation studies.