Nokea
Which of the following is a clinical feature of Grave's disease?
- A. Pulmonary fibrosis
- B. Exophthalmos and goiter
- C. Skin vasculitis
- D. Eczematous reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Exophthalmos and goiter. In Grave's disease, there is an overproduction of thyroid hormones leading to hyperthyroidism. Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) are classic clinical features due to autoimmune stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors. Pulmonary fibrosis (A) is not typically associated with Grave's disease. Skin vasculitis (C) and eczematous reaction (D) are also not commonly seen in Grave's disease.
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The National Marrow Donor Program obtains hematopoietic stem cells from donors for recipients in need. When discussing this donation with the donor, what should the nurse know about these stem cells?
- A. They must come from an embryo or umbilical cord.
- B. These cells will form new blood cells for the recipient.
- C. Taking these cells will cause the donor to become anemic.
- D. These cells must be removed with a bone marrow aspiration.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hematopoietic stem cells donated through programs like the National Marrow Donor Program help generate new blood cells for recipients, aiding in treating various blood disorders.
Which organ is most commonly affected in sarcoidosis?
- A. Kidney
- B. Lungs
- C. Liver
- D. Thyroid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lungs. Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the lungs in about 90% of cases. This is due to the formation of granulomas, inflammatory nodules, in the lung tissue. Kidney (A), Liver (C), and Thyroid (D) are less commonly affected organs in sarcoidosis. Kidney involvement occurs in about 20-30% of cases, liver involvement in about 10-30% of cases, and thyroid involvement is relatively rare. Therefore, based on the prevalence of organ involvement in sarcoidosis, the lungs are the most commonly affected organ.
What is the primary role of Helper T cells in the immune response?
- A. Killing infected host cells
- B. Producing antibodies
- C. Secreting cytokines to activate other immune cells
- D. Suppressing immune responses
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Helper T cells primarily secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells. This is crucial for coordinating and amplifying the immune response. They do not kill infected host cells (A), as that is the role of cytotoxic T cells. Producing antibodies (B) is the function of B cells. Suppressing immune responses (D) is the role of regulatory T cells, not Helper T cells.
TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.
Which group(s) of fungi do not generally produce sexual reproductive structures and are also sometimes known as imperfect fungi?
- A. Ascomycotina
- B. Oomycetes
- C. Zygomycotina
- D. Hyphochridiomycetes
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the correct answer is not provided in the choices given (A, B, C, D). Can you please provide the correct answer so that I can help you with the detailed explanation and summary of why the correct answer is correct and the others are incorrect?