Nokea
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can be found
- A. In soluble form in the blood
- B. In the cytosol of cells
- C. On endosomal membranes
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that recognize specific molecular patterns associated with pathogens. They can be found in various locations within the body, including in soluble form in the blood (Choice A), in the cytosol of cells (Choice B), and on endosomal membranes (Choice C). Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above are correct," as PRRs can indeed be located in all of these locations. PRRs play a crucial role in the innate immune response by detecting and responding to pathogens, making their presence in multiple cellular compartments essential for effective immune surveillance and defense.
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Which characteristic describes immunoglobulin E (select all that apply)?
- A. Assists in parasitic infections
- B. Responsible for allergic reactions
- C. Present on the lymphocyte surface
- D. Protects body surfaces and mucous membranes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IgE is involved in defense against parasites and is responsible for triggering allergic reactions by binding to mast cells and basophils.
What are the key steps of phagocytosis?
- A. Recognition, digestion, and excretion
- B. Recognition, ingestion, and digestion
- C. Adhesion, secretion, and ingestion
- D. Activation, release, and excretion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Recognition, ingestion, and digestion. Firstly, recognition is essential for phagocytes to identify and bind to the target. Next, ingestion involves engulfing the target into a phagosome. Finally, digestion occurs within the phagolysosome, where enzymes break down the target. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the sequential key steps of phagocytosis.
The most abundant class of immunoglobulin in serum is
- A. IgE
- B. IgA
- C. IgD
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgG. IgG is the most abundant class of immunoglobulin in serum, constituting about 75% of total immunoglobulins. IgG plays a crucial role in humoral immunity, providing long-term protection against pathogens. IgE (A) is involved in allergic responses, IgA (B) is mainly found in mucosal secretions, and IgD (C) functions as a cell surface receptor on B cells. IgG is the primary immunoglobulin responsible for secondary immune responses and provides the bulk of the adaptive immune response.
When the clinic nurse starts to take the "air cast" off the grade 2 sprain, the patient asks why it is being removed since he still has pain. Which explanation is best?
- A. "Long-term immobilization can interfere with adequate circulation."
- B. "Long-term immobilization may increase long-term edema."
- C. "Long-term immobilization can cause permanent disability."
- D. "This cast will be replaced with a heavier cast."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because long-term immobilization can indeed cause permanent disability in the case of a grade 2 sprain. Prolonged immobilization can lead to muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and decreased range of motion, which can result in long-term disability. Choice A is incorrect because adequate circulation is more related to prolonged immobilization, not short-term removal for evaluation. Choice B is incorrect as edema is a short-term concern and not a direct result of long-term immobilization. Choice D is incorrect as there is no indication that a heavier cast will be used.
What type of dressing will the nurse most likely use for the patient in Question 14?
- A. Dry, sterile dressing
- B. Absorptive dressing
- C. Negative pressure wound therapy
- D. Telfa dressing with antibiotic ointment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Absorptive dressings are ideal for wounds with moderate exudate, helping maintain a moist environment conducive to healing while preventing maceration.