Nokea
Which antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity?
- A. IgE and IgA
- B. IgG and IgM
- C. IgD and IgG
- D. IgM and IgA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (IgG and IgM) because in Type II hypersensitivity, antibodies target antigens on cell surfaces or tissues. IgG and IgM antibodies are involved in this type of immune response by binding to antigens and triggering cell destruction through complement activation or phagocytosis. IgE and IgA (choice A) are typically associated with Type I and Type III hypersensitivity, respectively. IgD (choice C) is primarily involved in B cell activation, while IgA (choice D) is more commonly associated with mucosal immunity.
You may also like to solve these questions
TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.
The National Marrow Donor Program obtains hematopoietic stem cells from donors for recipients in need. When discussing this donation with the donor, what should the nurse know about these stem cells?
- A. They must come from an embryo or umbilical cord.
- B. These cells will form new blood cells for the recipient.
- C. Taking these cells will cause the donor to become anemic.
- D. These cells must be removed with a bone marrow aspiration.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hematopoietic stem cells donated through programs like the National Marrow Donor Program help generate new blood cells for recipients, aiding in treating various blood disorders.
One principal function of the Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex S proteins is to
- A. transduce the signal to the T-cell interior following antigen binding
- B. mediate immunoglobulin class switching
- C. present antigen for recognition by the T-cell antigen receptor
- D. stimulate production of interleukins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Class I and Class II MHC proteins present antigens to T-cell receptors for immune response activation. Class I MHC presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells, while Class II MHC presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. Choice A is incorrect because MHC proteins do not transduce signals. Choice B is incorrect because MHC proteins do not mediate immunoglobulin class switching. Choice D is incorrect because MHC proteins do not directly stimulate interleukin production.
Identify which statements are correct.
- A. All bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
- B. All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
- C. All algae have cellulose in their cell walls.
- D. All protozoans have protein in their cell walls.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because protozoans do not have cell walls. They are single-celled organisms that lack a rigid cell wall. This distinguishes them from other microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae which have distinct cell wall compositions such as peptidoglycan, chitin, and cellulose respectively. Choice A is incorrect as not all bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, some have other types of cell wall structures. Choice B is incorrect as not all fungi have chitin in their cell walls, some may have different components. Choice C is incorrect as not all algae have cellulose in their cell walls, there are variations in cell wall composition among different algal species.
Concerning multiple sclerosis (MS), which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Some HLA alleles confer susceptibility to MS
- B. A gender bias is observed with females more at risk for MS than males
- C. Exhibits a North-South gradient, with a higher incidence reported for populations living above the equator
- D. Affects mostly individuals over 65 yrs. of age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because multiple sclerosis (MS) typically affects individuals between 20-50 years old, with the most common age of onset being between 20-40 years. MS is not primarily a disease of older individuals over 65 years. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because various HLA alleles have been associated with MS susceptibility, females are indeed more at risk for MS than males, and there is a known North-South gradient in MS incidence, with higher rates reported for populations living farther from the equator.