Nokea
Which characteristic describes immunoglobulin E (select all that apply)?
- A. Assists in parasitic infections
- B. Responsible for allergic reactions
- C. Present on the lymphocyte surface
- D. Protects body surfaces and mucous membranes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IgE is involved in defense against parasites and is responsible for triggering allergic reactions by binding to mast cells and basophils.
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The nurse is reinforcing teaching to a person who has tested positive for HIV. Which test should the nurse explain is done to confirm the diagnosis of HIV?
- A. Western blot
- B. Rheumatoid factor
- C. Antinuclear antibodies
- D. Immunoglobulin assay
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Western blot. This test is used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV by detecting specific antibodies produced in response to the virus. It is considered the gold standard for confirming HIV infection due to its high specificity and sensitivity. The other choices (B, C, D) are not used to diagnose HIV. Rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies are tests for autoimmune conditions, while immunoglobulin assay measures levels of antibodies in the blood, not specific to HIV.
Cells involved in allergic reactions include
- A. Mast cells
- B. Eosinophils
- C. Basophils
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils are all involved in allergic reactions. Mast cells release histamine, leading to inflammation. Eosinophils are involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections. Basophils release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Therefore, all three cell types play a crucial role in allergic reactions. Choices A, B, and C alone are incorrect because each cell type individually participates in allergic reactions.
Identify which statements are correct.
- A. All bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
- B. All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
- C. All algae have cellulose in their cell walls.
- D. All protozoans have protein in their cell walls.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because protozoans do not have cell walls. They are single-celled organisms that lack a rigid cell wall. This distinguishes them from other microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae which have distinct cell wall compositions such as peptidoglycan, chitin, and cellulose respectively. Choice A is incorrect as not all bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, some have other types of cell wall structures. Choice B is incorrect as not all fungi have chitin in their cell walls, some may have different components. Choice C is incorrect as not all algae have cellulose in their cell walls, there are variations in cell wall composition among different algal species.
The nurse is performing an assessment on the patient who is in bilateral Buck traction. Which finding indicates the need to reposition the patient?
- A. The patient's heels are not touching the surface of the mattress.
- B. The elastic bandages need to be revrapped.
- C. The patient's feet are against the footboard.
- D. The weights are hanging free.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because if the patient's feet are against the footboard in Buck traction, it can cause pressure ulcers and compromise circulation. Repositioning the patient is necessary to ensure proper alignment and prevent complications.
Incorrect choices:
A: The patient's heels not touching the mattress can be due to the traction pulling the legs in a specific position.
B: Rewrapping the elastic bandages may be necessary for proper traction maintenance but doesn't indicate immediate need for repositioning.
D: The weights hanging free is a normal finding in Buck traction and indicates proper traction application.
During an adaptive immune response to a pathogen an important outcome of the clonal selection process is:
- A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen that activated the response
- B. Elimination of lymphocytes that are not specific for the pathogen that activated the response
- C. An increase in the number of antigen receptor specificities expressed by each lymphocyte
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because during clonal selection, lymphocytes specific to the pathogen are activated, leading to their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells. This results in an increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen, enhancing the immune response.
Choice B is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve the elimination of non-specific lymphocytes but rather the expansion of specific lymphocytes.
Choice C is also incorrect because clonal selection does not change the antigen receptor specificities expressed by lymphocytes but instead focuses on expanding the population of lymphocytes with receptors specific to the pathogen.
Therefore, the correct outcome of clonal selection is the increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen that activated the response, making choice A the most accurate option.