Nokea
Non - complete phagocytosis is observed during infections with:
- A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Legionella pneumophila
- C. Brucella melitensis
- D. A + B + C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, Brucella melitensis can evade complete phagocytosis.
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion.
3. Legionella pneumophila can prevent phagosome maturation.
4. Brucella melitensis can survive and replicate within phagocytes.
5. A + B + C together represent non-complete phagocytosis.
Summary:
- A, B, C individually cause incomplete phagocytosis.
- Only when all three are present together (D) is non-complete phagocytosis observed.
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Infections of the CNS can be caused by:
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Morbillivirus morbillorum
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three choices, Clostridium botulinum, Morbillivirus morbillorum, and Clostridium tetani, can cause infections of the CNS. Clostridium botulinum can lead to botulism, affecting the nervous system. Morbillivirus morbillorum can cause measles, which can lead to encephalitis. Clostridium tetani can cause tetanus, affecting the central nervous system. Therefore, all three choices can cause infections of the CNS. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because each pathogen can cause CNS infections.
A patient who suffered form syphilis took a course of antibiotic therapy and fully recovered. Some time later he was infected again with Treponema pallidum. What form of infection is it?
- A. Reinfection
- B. Recurrence
- C. Superinfection
- D. Secondary infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reinfection. This is because the patient fully recovered from the initial syphilis infection after antibiotic therapy, indicating the elimination of the pathogen. Subsequently getting infected again with Treponema pallidum suggests a new exposure to the same pathogen, resulting in a new infection. Recurrence (B) would imply the reactivation of the same infection, which is not the case here. Superinfection (C) refers to a new infection that occurs on top of an existing infection, which is not the scenario described. Secondary infection (D) typically refers to an infection that occurs after an initial infection weakens the immune system, which is not the case in this scenario.
After starting treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis a patient complained about red tears and urine. What drug could cause such changes?
- A. Rifampicin
- B. Benzylpenicillin sodium salt
- C. Benzylpenicillin potassium salt
- D. Biseptol-480
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rifampicin. Rifampicin is known to cause red discoloration of bodily fluids, including tears and urine, due to its side effect of harmless color changes. Benzylpenicillins (B and C) and Biseptol-480 do not typically cause such discoloration. Rifampicin's mechanism of action involves binding to bacterial RNA polymerase, leading to inhibition of RNA synthesis, which is unrelated to the mechanism of the other drugs. Thus, based on the unique side effect profile of Rifampicin and its mechanism of action, it is the most likely drug causing red tears and urine in this scenario.
Which of the following diseases is transmitted via aerosols?
- A. Psittacosis
- B. Shigellosis
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Giardiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Psittacosis. This disease is transmitted via aerosols containing dried bird droppings or respiratory secretions from infected birds. When these aerosols are inhaled, the bacteria causing psittacosis enter the respiratory system and infect the individual.
- B: Shigellosis is transmitted through contaminated food or water, not via aerosols.
- C: Leptospirosis is transmitted through contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals, not via aerosols.
- D: Giardiasis is transmitted through ingesting contaminated food or water, not via aerosols.
Therefore, Psittacosis is the only disease in the list that is transmitted via aerosols, making it the correct answer.
What is the role of coagulase in bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus?
- A. It facilitates adhesion to surfaces
- B. It breaks down red blood cells
- C. It forms clots to evade immune responses
- D. It aids in antibiotic resistance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because coagulase helps bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus to form clots, allowing them to evade the host immune response. This mechanism helps the bacteria to hide from the immune system and establish infection.
A. Adhesion to surfaces is usually facilitated by other factors like adhesins.
B. Breaking down red blood cells is not a function of coagulase.
D. Antibiotic resistance is typically mediated by other mechanisms like efflux pumps or enzymatic inactivation, not coagulase.