Nokea
Nonnormative influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.
- A. Nonnormative
- B. History-graded
- C. Age-graded
- D. Bio-historical
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nonnormative. Nonnormative influences are events or experiences that are irregular and unique to the individual, so they do not follow a predictable timetable. These influences can include major life events like winning the lottery or experiencing a natural disaster, and they have a significant impact on a person's development. Choice B, History-graded influences, are events that are common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances. Choice C, Age-graded influences, are events that are typical for people of a certain age group. Choice D, Bio-historical, is not a recognized term in developmental psychology.
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The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.
- A. static and stable
- B. multidimensional and multidirectional
- C. continuous, rather than discontinuous
- D. largely the result of heredity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is multidimensional and multidirectional. This means that development occurs in various domains (such as physical, cognitive, and psychosocial) and can involve gains and losses as individuals age. This perspective recognizes that human development is complex and dynamic, involving various factors and pathways over the course of a person's life. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because human development is not static and stable (A), can involve both continuous and discontinuous changes (C), and is influenced by a combination of heredity and environment rather than solely by heredity (D).
The first successful intelligence test was originally constructed to __________.
- A. measure individual differences in IQ
- B. document age-related improvements in children's intellectual functioning
- C. identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes
- D. compare the scores of people who varied in gender, ethnicity, and birth order
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The first successful intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale, was originally developed to identify children with learning problems who required special educational interventions. Choice A is incorrect because measuring individual differences in IQ was not the primary purpose of the test. Choice B is incorrect because documenting age-related improvements in children's intellectual functioning was not the main goal of the test. Choice D is incorrect because comparing the scores of people based on gender, ethnicity, and birth order was not the intended use of the intelligence test.
__________, a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery, blocks sensation.
- A. Anesthetics
- B. Analgesics
- C. Anti-inflammatories
- D. Folic acids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anesthetics, such as epidurals, are a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery that block sensation. They work by numbing the nerves in the lower part of the spine, providing pain relief during childbirth. Choice B, Analgesics, are pain relievers that reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, but they are not as strong as anesthetics for labor pain. Choice C, Anti-inflammatories, are medications that reduce inflammation and do not directly block sensation like anesthetics. Choice D, Folic acids, are a type of B vitamin crucial for cell growth and metabolism, not used as painkillers in labor and delivery.
Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?
- A. Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.
- B. Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
- C. Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.
- D. Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Research on newborn taste preferences has found that not until around 4 months of age do babies start to show a preference for a salty taste over plain water. This indicates that newborns do have some ability to distinguish tastes, contrary to the statement in option A. The statement in option C that newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk is not supported by research on newborn taste preferences. Option D, stating that babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes, is also not a supported statement regarding newborn taste preferences.
When Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a cocaine addict, what can his caregivers expect?
- A. He will be very attentive to the environment
- B. His cries will be abnormally shrill and piercing
- C. He will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3
- D. His motor development will be especially rapid during the first year
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mateo, being born prematurely to a cocaine-addicted mother, is at risk for several health issues. One common effect of prenatal drug exposure is a higher likelihood of sensory and regulatory problems, such as having abnormally shrill and piercing cries. This is a potential outcome that Mateo's caregivers can expect due to his circumstances. Choice A is incorrect as there is no direct correlation between being born prematurely to a cocaine-addicted mother and being very attentive to the environment. Choice C is incorrect as overcoming harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3 is overly optimistic and may not be the case for all children exposed to drugs prenatally. Choice D is incorrect as rapid motor development is not typically associated with prenatal drug exposure.