Nurse Ramirez is providing guidance to Mr. Johnson, a client with Parkinson's disease, on how to prevent spinal curvatures commonly associated with the condition. In her instructions on preventing spinal flexion, what should Nurse Ramirez recommend to Mr. Johnson?
- A. Rest in a supine position with his head elevated.
- B. Occasionally lie in a prone position without using a neck pillow.
- C. Sleep on either side but maintain a straight back.
- D. Only sleep in the dorsal recumbent position.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lying in a prone position without a neck pillow helps prevent spinal flexion and postural deformities in PD patients.
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In humans, transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is carried out by ________.
- A. sodium ions
- B. potassium ions
- C. neurotransmitter molecules
- D. the nodes of Ranvier
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is mediated by neurotransmitter molecules. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These chemicals bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a new electrical signal. Neurotransmitters are essential for communication between neurons and play a key role in neural signaling.
The human lens:
- A. is innervated by the ophthalmic nerve
- B. has a uniform refractive index
- C. has a large radius of curvature anteriorly than posteriorly
- D. stops growing after birth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The human lens has a larger radius of curvature anteriorly than posteriorly, contributing to its optical properties. It is not innervated, does not have a uniform refractive index, and continues to grow throughout life.
The following conditions are required for rhodopsin regeneration:
- A. NADPH
- B. darkness
- C. splitting of all trans-retinal from the opsin
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rhodopsin regeneration requires NADPH, darkness, and the separation of all-trans-retinal from opsin. These steps are essential for the visual cycle.
A patient says, I feel detached and weird all the time, like I'm looking at life through a cloudy window. Everything seems unreal. These feelings really interfere with my work and study. Which term should the nurse use to document this complaint?
- A. Depersonalization
- B. Hypochondriasis
- C. Dissociation
- D. Malingering
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A. Depersonalization
Rationale:
1. Depersonalization involves feeling detached from oneself or reality, as described by the patient.
2. The patient's description of feeling like they are looking through a cloudy window aligns with depersonalization symptoms.
3. Interference with work and study suggests significant distress, a common feature of depersonalization disorder.
Summary of other choices:
B. Hypochondriasis: Involves excessive worry about having a serious illness, which is not indicated in the patient's complaint.
C. Dissociation: While depersonalization is a type of dissociative symptom, it specifically refers to feeling detached and unreal, not necessarily a broader dissociative disorder.
D. Malingering: Involves feigning or exaggerating symptoms for secondary gain, which is not evident in the patient's genuine distress and impairment.
Without surgical stabilization, what method of immobilization for the patient with a cervical spinal cord injury should the nurse expect to be used?
- A. Kinetic beds
- B. Hard cervical collar
- C. Skeletal traction with skull tongs
- D. Sternal-occipital-mandibular immobilizer brace
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: This brace provides rigid immobilization.