Pediatric Research Questions

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Nurse Raymond is handling a group of student nurses and he is teaching them about fluids and electrolytes. He is correct when he says that a substance moves from an area of higher concentration, this is:

  • A. osmosis
  • B. filtration
  • C. diffusion
  • D. active transport
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the context of fluids and electrolytes, this process plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these substances in the body. Nurse Raymond is correct in stating that diffusion is the mechanism by which substances move down their concentration gradient. Osmosis involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, filtration is the process of separating substances based on size through a filtering mechanism, and active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

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The nurse is providing breast cancer education at a community facility. The American Cancer Society recommends that women get with mammograms:

  • A. Yearly after age 40
  • B. After the birth of the first child and every 2 years thereafter
  • C. After the first menstrual period and annually thereafter
  • D. Every 3 years between ages 20 and 40 and annually thereafter
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The American Cancer Society recommends that women get yearly mammograms starting at age 40. This is because regular mammograms are the best way to detect breast cancer early when it's most treatable. Women at an average risk of breast cancer are advised to undergo yearly mammograms starting at age 40. Early detection through regular screening can help improve the chances of successful treatment and increase survival rates. It's important to follow these guidelines to ensure early detection and timely treatment of breast cancer.

The nurse is conducting teaching for an adolescent being discharged to home after a renal transplant. The adolescent needs further teaching if which statement is made?

  • A. "I will report any fever to my primary health care provider."
  • B. "I am glad I only have to take the immunosuppressant medication for two weeks."
  • C. "I will observe my incision for any redness or swelling."
  • D. "I won't miss doing kidney dialysis every week."
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The statement "I am glad I only have to take the immunosuppressant medication for two weeks" indicates a misunderstanding about the long-term nature of immunosuppressant therapy following a renal transplant. In reality, individuals who undergo a renal transplant need to take immunosuppressant medications for the rest of their lives to prevent rejection of the donor kidney. Failure to adhere to this medication regimen can result in rejection of the transplanted kidney. Therefore, this statement indicates a need for further teaching to ensure the adolescent understands the importance of lifelong immunosuppressant therapy.

Obstruction of the airway in the patient with asthma is caused by all of the following except:

  • A. thick mucus.
  • B. swelling of bronchial membranes.
  • C. destruction of the alveolar wall.
  • D. contraction of muscles surrounding the bronchi
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Obstruction of the airway in a patient with asthma is primarily caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airways due to a combination of factors such as thick mucus, swelling of bronchial membranes, and contraction of muscles surrounding the bronchi. Destruction of the alveolar wall is not a direct cause of airway obstruction in asthma patients; alveolar wall destruction is typically associated with conditions like emphysema. In asthma, the primary mechanisms contributing to airway obstruction are related to inflammation, mucus production, and bronchoconstriction.

By the age of 7 months, the infant is able to do all the following EXCEPT

  • A. transfer object from hand to hand
  • B. actively bounces
  • C. uses radial palm grasp
  • D. cruises
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cruising typically occurs later, around 9-10 months.

The LEAST important advice for a 2-month-old baby with excessive crying is

  • A. master the situation in relaxed manner
  • B. adhere to precry cues
  • C. change milk formula
  • D. avoid sensory overstimulation
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Changing formula may not address refusal due to developmental factors.

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