Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Related

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Morula is a developmental stage which occurs:

  • A. After the implantation
  • B. Between the zygote and blastocyst
  • C. Between the blastocyst and gastrula
  • D. Between implantation and parturition
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the morula is a stage between the zygote (fertilized egg) and blastocyst (hollow ball of cells). After fertilization, the zygote undergoes multiple rounds of cell division to form a compact cluster of cells known as the morula. This stage precedes the blastocyst stage where the cells differentiate and form an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer.

A) After implantation is incorrect because the morula forms before implantation.
C) Between the blastocyst and gastrula is incorrect as the morula occurs before the blastocyst stage.
D) Between implantation and parturition is incorrect as the morula stage occurs much earlier in development.

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A 58-year-old postmenopausal woman presents with a sensation of pelvic heaviness and states she feels like something is sitting in her vagina. On examination, the provider notes a visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall. What structural disorder of the female reproductive system is consistent with these findings?

  • A. pelvic floor prolapse
  • B. DES exposure
  • C. vaginal septum
  • D. bladder fistula
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: pelvic floor prolapse. This condition is characterized by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments, leading to descent of pelvic organs such as the bladder into the vagina. The patient's symptoms of pelvic heaviness and sensation of something in her vagina are classic signs of pelvic floor prolapse. Examination findings of visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall further support this diagnosis.

Explanation of incorrect choices:
B: DES exposure - This is not a structural disorder of the female reproductive system. DES exposure is associated with adverse effects on reproductive health but does not present with visible bladder protrusion.
C: Vaginal septum - This is a congenital anomaly where the vagina is divided by a septum. It does not typically present with bladder protrusion.
D: Bladder fistula - This is an abnormal connection between the bladder and another structure. While it can cause urinary symptoms, it does not typically present with visible bladder protrusion into the vagina.

After delivery, a woman is likely to exhibit signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock with blood loss greater than

  • A. 500 mL
  • B. 1000 mL
  • C. 1500 mL
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Significant hemorrhage exceeding 1

The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is:

  • A. Estrogen
  • B. Oxytocin
  • C. Prolactin
  • D. Estrogen
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Prolactin stimulates the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk.

The uterus is suspended between two folds of parietal peritoneum that form a partition across the pelvic cavity. These ligaments are _____ ligaments.

  • A. Round
  • B. Uterosacral
  • C. Anterior and posterior
  • D. Broad
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The broad ligaments suspend the uterus and form a partition across the pelvic cavity.

Which of the following is not found in the medulla of the ovary?

  • A. Lymphatics
  • B. Ovarian follicles
  • C. Blood vessels
  • D. All of the above are found in the medulla of the ovary.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ovarian follicles are not found in the medulla of the ovary.

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