Nokea
Occult fecal blood test would be helpful in discovering:
- A. colonic carcinoma
- B. malabsorption syndrome
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The occult fecal blood test detects hidden blood in the stool, which can be an early sign of colonic carcinoma. This test is not specific for malabsorption syndrome, making option B incorrect. Option C is incorrect because the test is primarily used for detecting colonic carcinoma. Option D is incorrect as the test can aid in the discovery of colonic carcinoma.
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The actions of secretin include:
- A. Increased salivary secretion
- B. Relaxation of the oesophageal sphincters
- C. Stimulation of gastric secretion
- D. Stimulation of secretion of bicarbonate by pancreatic duct cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because secretin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate by pancreatic duct cells. This helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach. A is incorrect because secretin does not directly affect salivary secretion. B is incorrect because secretin does not relax the esophageal sphincters. C is incorrect because secretin inhibits gastric secretion rather than stimulating it. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it aligns with the physiological role of secretin in pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
The secretion of the exocrine pancreas is increased by the following except:
- A. Vagal stimulation
- B. Acetylcholine
- C. Secretin
- D. CCK
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vagal stimulation. Vagal stimulation does not directly increase the secretion of the exocrine pancreas. Acetylcholine, Secretin, and CCK are known to stimulate pancreatic secretion through various mechanisms. Acetylcholine acts through muscarinic receptors, Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme in the duodenum, and CCK is released in response to fat and proteins in the duodenum, all leading to increased pancreatic enzyme secretion. Vagal stimulation plays a role in the parasympathetic nervous system but does not directly stimulate pancreatic secretion.
Which of the following tubes is surgically inserted into the abdomen but goes to the small intestine?
- A. Orogastric tube
- B. Nasogastric tube
- C. Jejunostomy tube
- D. Gastrostomy tube
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A jejunostomy tube is placed directly into the small intestine for enteral feeding in clients who cannot tolerate gastric feedings.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
- A. Stomach
- B. Small intestine
- C. Large intestine
- D. Mouth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Small intestine. The small intestine is where most nutrient absorption occurs due to its large surface area, specialized villi, and microvilli that increase absorption efficiency. Digestive enzymes and bile are also secreted here to further break down nutrients. Stomach (A) primarily aids in digestion, not absorption. Large intestine (C) mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, not nutrients. Mouth (D) begins the digestion process by mechanical breakdown and some enzyme release, but minimal absorption occurs here.
The _____ are vessels that project into the villi and absorb fatty substances.
- A. lacteals
- B. lymphatics
- C. veins
- D. arteries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lacteals. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine. They are responsible for absorbing dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Lymphatics (choice B) are a broader term for lymphatic vessels and nodes. Veins (choice C) are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries (choice D) are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Therefore, only lacteals specifically project into the villi and absorb fatty substances, making them the correct choice.